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Tammys test 1
Pharmacology and modalities
100
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
09/08/2013

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which dosage form is generally absorbed fastest?
Definition
Solutions
Term
Which dosage form is generally absorbed slowest?
Definition
Enteric-coated tablets
Term
What are the three factors that affect drug distribution throughout the body?
Definition
Cardiac output, Regional blood flow, Drug reservoirs
Term
What are the three primary means of drug elimination?
Definition
Kidneys, Intestines, Respiratory system
Term
What are at least 4 factors controlling the rate and extent of drug absorption?
Definition
1. Nature of absorbing surface through which drug must go
2. Blood flow to site of administration
3. Solubility of drug;PH
4. Drug concentration
5. Dosage form
Term
Two drug distribution barriers the body has that are made of biologic membranes.
Definition
The __Blood-brain barrier___ and __Placental barrier
Term
Another name for metabolism
Definition
Biotransformation
Term
The area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration
Definition
Biopharmaceuticals
Term
The process of how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated throughout the body
Definition
Pharmacokinetics
Term
Can move a drug from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Definition
Active Transport
Term
Medications must go through disintegration and ____ in order to be absorbed across a cell membrane
Definition
Dissolution
Term
The substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body.
Definition
Drug vehicle
Term
How are drugs eliminated from the body?
Definition
Metabolism, Excretion
Term
The most common means by which drugs traverse cell membranes.
Definition
Passive diffusion
Term
Another term for lozenges or pastilles
Definition
Troches
Term
A dosage form that is designed to mask taste, allow for easy swallowing, and contribute to controlled release of drugs.
Definition
Capsules
Term
Which drug dosage form consists of two immiscible liquids?
Definition
Emulsion
Term
For a drug to work, it must first
Definition
reach the site of action
Term
The dosage form must be capable of _____ and _______ its content so the drug goes to its site of action
Definition
Delivering, releasing
Term
Theses tablets are designed to pass through the stomach and release the medicine while in the small intestine. This prevents irritation in the stomach and the gastric juices from chemically destroying the drug
Definition
Enteric-coated
Term
What are parenteral dosages?
Definition
Dose is given by injection under or through one or more layers of skin or mucous membrane
Term
Define the types of parenteral dosages (how are they administered?)
Definition
Routes- Subcutaneous, Intradermal, Intrathecal, Intracisternal, intramuscular, Intravenous, and intraarterial
Term
What is subcutaneous
Definition
Beneath the skin or under all the layers
Term
Define Intradermal
Definition
Done within or between the layers of the skin
Term
Define Intrathecal
Definition
Occuring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord.
Term
Define Intracisternal
Definition
Administered by entering a cisterna (fluid-containing sac)
Term
Define Intramuscular
Definition
In the muscle
Term
Define Intravenous
Definition
In the vein
Term
Define Intraarterial
Definition
In the artery
Term
Give an example of a suspension you may come in contact with often
Definition
Oral barium
Term
How does surface area affect drug absorption?
Definition
A large surface area will allow for better absorption than does a smaller surface area
Term
How does blood flow affect drug absorption?
Definition
Blood must be flowing to the absorbing surface during the absorptive process to allow entry into the systemic circulation
Term
What is first pass metabolism?
Definition
Drugs that are administered orally travel to the liver first before entering blood stream
Term
Generally thought to be catalysts responsible for changes in biochemical reactions, _____ occur throughout the body systems.
Definition
Enzymes
Term
This is a predictable pharmacologic action on body systems other than the action intended.
Definition
Side effect
Term
This is when two drugs are combined and cause a pharmacologic response that is greater than it would have been if the drugs had been given individually
Definition
Synergism
Term
The method by which a drug elicits effects is known as the
Definition
Mechanism of action
Term
The organ on which the desired effect occurs is generally called the
Definition
Target Organ
Term
This occurs when a drug resembles the substrate to which an enzyme usually attaches.
Definition
Drug-enzyme interactions
Term
This is any unwanted effect from a drug
Definition
Adverse reaction
Term
Both toxic and allergic effects are known as
Definition
Adverse reactions
Term
This is the study of the manner in which drug effects are manifested.
Definition
Pharmacodynamics
Term
List the three mechanisms of action
Definition
Drug receptor interactions, drug-enzyme interactions,
nonspecific drug interactions
Term
What is the term for specific biologic sites located on a cell surface or within a cell that attract certain drugs?
Definition
Receptors
Term
A drug with antagonist activity will
Definition
Blocks the keyholes, so the door cannot be opened. Block receptors for which they have affinity
Term
An against drug will
Definition
stimulate or enhances the body’s natural response to stimulation
Term
What is the mechanism by which radiopaque contrast media elicit their desired effects through the radiopaque iodine contained within their structure?
Definition
Nonspecific drug reaction
Term
What term is used to describe how great the effect of a drug will be?
Definition
Efficacy
Term
What term is used to describe how much of the drug is needed to get the desired effect?
Definition
Therapeutic range
Term
The time required for the current serum drug concentration to decline by 50% is called
Definition
Half-life
Term
What does serum drug concentration mean?
Definition
How much of the drug is in the blood
Term
The ________ measures the relative safety of a drug
Definition
Therapeutic index
Term
What is the lethal dose?
Definition
LD50- the dose where the drug is lethal to 50% of the population
Term
The dose required to be effective in 50% of the population is referred to as the
Definition
Effective dose
Term
Name drugs that are considered to be completely safe.
Definition
No drugs are completely safe
Term
Children’s __________ are not fully mature and cannot handle adult doses.
Definition
Kidneys and Liver
Term
Radiopaque contrast media elicit their desired effects through the _________ contained in their structure
Definition
Radiopaque Iodine
Term
This is the highest plasma concentration attained from a dose.
Definition
Peak serum concentration
Term
Used to treat pain associated with inflammation by inhibiting production of various chemical mediators that stimulate pain receptors.
Definition
NSAIDS
Term
Technically a class of its own, but has the same actions similar to NSAIDS
Definition
Aspirin
Term
Example of a narcotic
Definition
Morphine
Term
Basic regulator of many metabolic processes in the body
Definition
Thyroid hormone
Term
Subclass of analgesic that stimulates CNS opioid receptors which decrease the perception of pain.
Definition
Narcotic
Term
Kills fungal organisms
Definition
Antifungals
Term
Medication type designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from the blood stream
Definition
Diuretics
Term
A lipid lowering medication, used to lower cholesterol
Definition
Lovastatin, simvastatin,Cholestyramine
Term
Medication type,pain relief,acute and chronic
Definition
Analgesic
Term
Blocks histamines from producing adverse effects
Definition
Antihistamines
Term
Patients taking this type of medication has experienced a clot to the brain or heart.
Definition
Antiplatelet
Term
Example of medication used to enhance thyroid function
Definition
Levothyroxine, thyroxine
Term
medication type that suppresses electrical conduction within the cardiac system and therefore decreases the arrhythmias
Definition
Antiarrhythmic
Term
Example of an IV drug used to increase the force of contraction in the failing heart
Definition
Digoxin
Term
Products not regulated by the FDA that may have similar effects as other medications or adverse effects with other medications
Definition
Generic
Term
An example of a diuretic medication
Definition
Furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide
Term
Most common analgesic, contained in almost all pain relievers
Definition
Acetaminophen
Term
Treats pain associated with muscle spasms
Definition
Muscle relaxants ex: cyclobenzaprine, diazepam
Term
Treats acute and chronic anxiety states, often used in MRI or CT for claustrophobia
Definition
Antianxiety
Term
This type of medication breaks up a newly formed clot
Definition
Thrombolytic
Term
Increases force of contraction in a failing heart by stimulating a release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticlum
Definition
Digoxin
Term
An example of an anticoagulant medication
Definition
Warfarin, heparin
Term
Diphenhydramine, used often in radiology for contrast reactions
Definition
Antihistamine
Term
An example of a thrombolytic
Definition
Urokinase
Term
Example of an antibiotic
Definition
Penicillins
Term
example of an antidepressant
Definition
Zanax, valium, ativan, lorazepam
Term
Example of an antifungal
Definition
Nystatin, fluconazole, terbinazine
Term
Balances sugars in blood stream with tissue sugar
Definition
Antidiabetic
Term
Treats clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies
Definition
Antidepressant
Term
Contained in many diabetic medication, can have adverse reaction with contrast media and must be stopped 48hrs post procedure
Definition
Metformin
Term
Used to prevent and treat seizure disorders
Definition
Antiseizure (anticonvulsant)
Term
Kills or suppresses pathological microorganisms responsible for causing disease
Definition
Antibiotics
Term
Treats delusions and psychotic episodes such as schizophrenia and hallucinations
Definition
Antipsychotic
Term
an example antiviral
Definition
Acyclovir, interferon, ribavirin
Term
Antihypertensive medication
Definition
Verapamil, lisinopril, clonidine
Term
Example of NSAIDS
Definition
Ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen
Term
Limits the spread of viruses invading the body
Definition
Antivirals
Term
Example of antiseizure medication
Definition
Phenytoin, diazepam, clonazepam
Term
Lowers blood pressure
Definition
antihypertensive
Term
Extremely toxic compounds designed to kill off rapidly growing cancer cells
Definition
Chemotherapy
Term
Patients taking this type of medication have a history of blood clots or a potential to develop blood clots
Definition
Anticoagulants
Term
Example of chemotherapy drug
Definition
Flurouracil, doxirubucin
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