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Supervision in the Work Place CH 6-8
University of Akron - Business Management - Summit College -
57
Business
Undergraduate 3
10/15/2013

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Term
motivation
Definition
the willingness to do something conditioned upon the action's ability to satisfy some need for the individual
Term
need
Definition
a physiological or psychological deficiency that makes certain outcomes seem attractive
Term
locus of control
Definition
the source of control over an individual's character
Term
Machiavellianism
Definition
Manipulative behavior based on the belief that ends can justify the means. (individual may seem ruthless-- very motviated when there are substantial rewards for winning)
Term
self-esteem
Definition
the degree to which an individual likes or dislikes him/her self
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors. High self-motivators adapt easily and are capable of presenting striking contradictions between public personas and private selves; low self motivators tend to display their true feelings and beliefs in almost every situation.
Term
risk propensity
Definition
a willingness to take chances, characterized by rapid decision making with the use of less information
Term
hierarchy-of-needs theory
Definition
A theory of Abraham Maslow that states that a satisfied need no longer creates tension and therefore doesn't motivate. Maslow believed that the key to motivation is to determine where an individual is along the needs hierarchy and to focus motivation efforts at the point where needs become essentially unfulfilled.
Term
Hierarchy of Needs (1 through 5)
Definition
1.PHYSIOLOGICAL (hunger,thirst,shelter,sex,bodily needs)
2.SAFTY (security, protection from physical or emotional harmd)
3. SOCIAL (affection, belonging, acceptance, friendship)
4. ESTEEM (self-respect, autonomy, achievement, status, recognition, attention)
5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION (The drive to become what one is capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving ones potential, and self fulfillment)
Term
Theory X-Theory Y
Definition
A theory of Douglas McGregor that a supervisor's view of human nature is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and that he or she tends to mold behavior towards subordinates according to those assumptions.
Term
motivation-hygiene theory
Definition
A theory of Frederick Herzberg that the opposite of dissatisfaction is no satisfaction and the opposite of dissatisfaction is not satisfaction but no dissatisfaction.
Term
hygiene factors
Definition
Herzberg's term for factors, such as working conditions and salary, that, when adequate, may eliminate job dissatisfaction but do not necessarily increase job satisfaction.
Term
need for achievement
Definition
a compelling drive to succeed; an intrinsic motivation to do something better or more efficiently than it has done before
Term
equity theory
Definition
the concept that employees perceive what they can get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs), and then compare their input vs outcome ratio with the input vs outcome ratio of others
Term
expectancy theory
Definition
a theory that individuals analyze effort-performance, performance-rewards, and rewards- personal goals relationships, and their level of effort depends on the strengths of their expectations that these relationships can be achieved. AKA "If I put in effort, will it be recognized/appraised and do I want these rewards?"
Term
job design
Definition
combining tasks to form complete jobs

(skill variety,task identity,task significance,autonomy, feedback)
Term
job enrichment
Definition
the degree to which a worker controls planning, execution, and evaluation of his or her work.
Term
competency-based compensation
Definition
payments and rewards to employees on the basis of skills, knowledge, and behaviors.
Term
employee stock ownership (ESOP)
Definition
a compensation program that allows employees to become part owners of an organization by receiving stock as a performance incentive.
Term
justice view of ethics
Definition
a view that requires individuals to impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially so that there is an equitable distribution of benefits and costs
Term
rights view of ethics
Definition
a view that calls on individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges as set forth in documents such as the Bill of Rights
Term
Utilitarians view of ethics
Definition
a view in which decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes or consequences
Term
electronic meeting
Definition
a group decision making technique where participants are positioned in front of computer terminals as issues are presented. Participants type responses onto computer screens as their anonymous comments and aggregate votes are displayed on a projection screen in the room.
Term
nominal group technique
Definition
a technique that restricts discussion during the decision making process.
Term
brain storming
Definition
a technique for overcoming pressures for conformity that retard the development of creative alternatives; an idea generating process that specifically encourages alternatives while withholding criticisms of those alternatives.
Term
groupthink
Definition
withholding of differing views by group members to appear to be in agreement
Term
non programmed decision
Definition
a decision that must be custom made to solve a unique non recurring problem
Term
programmed decision
Definition
a repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach.
Term
ill-structured problems
Definition
new problems in which information is ambiguous or incomplete.
Term
well structured problems
Definition
straight forward, familiar, easily defined problems
Term
ringisei
Definition
in japanese organizations, consensus-forming decision making groups
Term
escalation of commitment
Definition
an increased commitment to a previous decision despite negative information
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
the tendency of people to match the likelihood of an occurrence with something they are familiar with
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
the tendency of people to base their judgments on information that is readily available for them
Term
marginal analysis
Definition
a method that helps decision makers optimize returns or minimize costs by dealing with the additional cost in a particular decision, rather than the average cost.
Term
expected value analysis
Definition
a procedure that permits decision makers to place monetary value on various consequences likely to result from the selection of a particular course of action
Term
decision tree
Definition
A diagram that analyzes hiring, marketing, investment, equipment purchases, pricing, and similar decisions that involve a progression of decisions. Decision trees assign probabilities to each possible outcome and calculate payoffs for each decision path.
Term
problem
Definition
a discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs
Term
decision-making process
Definition
1. identify the problem
2.collect relevant information
3. develop alternatives
4. evaluate each alternative
5. select the best alternative
6. implement the decision
7. follow up and evaluate
Term
Sarbannes Oxley Act
Definition
2002- Bush
- top management must personally certify the organizations financial reports
-must have in place procedures and guidelines for audit commitees
-ceos must reimburse the organization for bonuses and stock options when required by restatement of corporate profits
-personal loans or lines of credit for execs are now prohibited

(ex: WorldCom, Enron, ImClone)
Term
control by exception
Definition
a system that ensures that one is not overwhelmed by information on variations from standard.
Term
quality control
Definition
identification of mistakes that may have occurred; monitoring quality to ensure that it meets some pre-established standard
Term
supply chain management
Definition
an internally oriented process that focuses on the efficient flow of incoming materials to the organization
Term
value chain management
Definition
the process of managing the entire sequence of integrated activities and information about product flows from start to finish-- when the product is in the hands of the ultimate user.
Term
kanban
Definition
a japanese term for a card or sign. Shipped in a container, a kanaban is returned to the supplier when the container is opened, initiating the shipment of a second container that arrives as the first container is finished.
Term
just-in-time inventory system
Definition
a ssytem in which inventory items arrive when they are needed in the production process instead of being stored in stock
Term
concurrent control
Definition
a type of control that takes place while an activity is in progress.
Term
corrective control
Definition
a type of control that provides feedback after an activity is finished to prevent further deviations.
Term
preventive control
Definition
a type of control that anticipates and prevents undesirable outcomes.
Term
basic corrective action
Definition
action that gets to the source of a deviation and seeks to adjust the differences permanently
Term
immediate corrective action
Definition
action that adjusts something right now and gets things back on track
Term
control chart
Definition
a statistical technique used to measure variation in a system to produce an average standard with statistically upper and lower limits
Term
scatter diagram
Definition
an illustration of the relationship between two variables that shows correlations and possible cause and effect.
Term
flowchart
Definition
visual representation of the sequence of events for a particular process that clarifies how things are being done so that inefficiencies can be identified and the process can be improved.
Term
cause-effect diagram
Definition
a depiction of the causes of a problem that groups the causes according to common catagories such as machinery, methods, personnel, finances, or management.
Term
range of variation
Definition
variation in performance that cane be expected in all activiteis
Term
control process
Definition
a three step process
1. measuring actual performance
2. comparing results with standards
3. taking corrective action
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