prokaryotic: no nuclear envelope surrounding DNA

No organelles

Smaller than eukaryotes

circular & no histones

Eukaryotes: Does have a true nucleus

Have organelles

Has streaming, linear w/. histones(protein)

-Projections that are numerous and short.

-Used for cellular locomotion or moving substances along surface of the cell.

-Projections that are few & long in relation to the cell.

-Projections that are used for cellular locomotion or for moving substances along the surface of the cell.

-PM is covered by sticky layer of carbohydrate & anchor glycocalyx to the cell.

-Attaches to other cells.

-Prevents phagocytic engulfment by other cells, such as white blood cells.

-Formation of bioforms.

Structure & function of Cell Wall found in some eukaryotic cells.

Which ones?

Structure:  Algae-polysaccharide cellulose

Fungi-polysaccharide chitin

Yeasts-polysaccharides; glucan & mannan

Function:  

Structure: Cytoplasm contains the cytosol (fluid portion and cytoskeleton.

Function: Movement from one part of the cell to another, distributing nutrients.

Structure: Usually spherical or oval and is the largest structure. 

Contains most of cells DNA.

Function: Intermediate filaments help disassemble & reassemble nuclear envelope and are important in mitotic events. 

Structure: Within the nuclear envelope are 1 or more spherical bodies called nucleoli.

Function: Nucleoli are condensed regions of chromosomes where ribosomal RNA is being synthesized.RNA is an essential component of ribosomes.

Structure: Double membrane resembling the plasma membrane.

Function: Support

Structure: Consists of Pericentriolar material & Centriole

Functions:Organizing center for the mitotic spindle,  a role in cell division and microtubule formation in nondividing cells.

Structure: 80s ribosomes =consists of large 60s subunits containing 3 molecules of rRNA & a smaller 40s subunit with one molecule of rRNA.

Function: Site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Structure & function of endomembrane system 1-6:

1.Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Structure: Extensive network of flattened membranous sacs or tubules called cisterns, with ribosomes attached to the outer surface.

Function: A factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules.

Structure & Function of endomembrane system:

2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Structure: Membranous tubules with unique enzymes.

Function: Synthesize phospholipids, fats & steroids; such as estrogen & testosterones.

Structure & Function of endomembrane system:

3. Golgi Complex

Structure: Consists of 3-20 cisterns, resemble stacked pita bread.

Function: Enzymes in the cisterns modify proteins to form glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins.

Structure & Function of endomembrane system:

4. Lysosomes

Struture: Formed from Golgi complexes and look like membrane-enclosed spheres. A single membrane.

Function: Digestive enzymes that breakdown bacteria.

Structure & Function of endomembrane system:

5. Vacuoles

Structure: A space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by tonoplast. Vacuoles are derived from the Golgi complex.

Function: Storage organelles, help bring food into cell, store metabolic wastes & poisons, provide rigidity to leaves & stems.

Structure & Function of endomembrane system:

6. Peroxisomes

Structure: Organelles similar in structure to lysosomes, but smaller. Formed by division of preexisting peroxisomes. Contain enzymes.

Function: Enzymes oxidize various organic substances.

Structure: Spherical or rod shaped organelle with a double membrane. Inner membrane has series of folds called cistae. The center of the mitochondria has a semifluid substance call the matrix.

Function: ATP production. Replicate, transcribe, translate info encoded in DNA.

Structure: Small rods containing microfilaments & intermediate filaments.

Function: Support, shape & assistance in transporting.

1. Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain their own DNA - (cccDNA)

2. Both mitochondria & chloroplast contain 70s ribosomes

3. Both mitochondria & chloroplast diving by binary fission.