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SSFT 208 Exam 1
Exam 1 flashcards for dr. Jones
68
Science
Undergraduate 2
10/01/2012

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Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
Series of Overlapping Innovations in how and what we think
Term
Processes for building knowledge
Definition
Systematic Observation, Analysis, Scientific Method
Term
Paradigm Shift
Definition
When one Paradigm makes way for another
Term
Good Paradigm
Definition
Strong links between observations
Term
Greek Natural Philosophy
Definition
Separation of natural and supernatural world
Term
Agora
Definition
place of open debate. Greek
Term
Aristotle's Four Elements
Definition
Water, earth, air and fire. Like elements attract each other
Term
Science Before the 20th Century
Definition
Practiced by the Elite, authoritative and neutral
Term
Science After the 20th Century
Definition
Loss of Respectability. Becomes Profession
Term
Bacon's Inductive Method
Definition
Looking at things from different Perspectives.
Term
Bacon's Four Idols
Definition
Tribe - trust what we see
Cave - colors our interpretations
Marketplace - language problems
Theater - Tendency to be dramatic
Term
Descates' Deductive Method
Definition
Based on "I think Therefore I Am"
Term
Four Rules of Descartes' Method
Definition
1) Trust nothing
2)Break down problems to simplest parts
3)Deducing one conclusion from another
4) leave nothing out
Term
Mathematics
Definition
Language of Science
Term
Heliocentric universe
Definition
Earth Revolves around the sun. Newton
Term
Mechanical Philosophy
Definition
Everything operates according to mechanical principles
Term
Mertan: Universalism
Definition
Ideas in science are evaluated by impersonal criteria
Term
Mertan: Communalism
Definition
Knowledge in science is shared
Term
Mertan: Disinterestedness
Definition
Scientists are not supposed to have a stake in the outcome of the research
Term
Mertan: Skepticism
Definition
Scientists should doubt everything
Term
Reductionism
Definition
Breaking something down into its most simple parts
Term
Emancipation
Definition
Separation of science and religion
Term
Telos
Definition
Ultimate purpose or goal
Term
Conflict Model
Definition
Religion and science are at odds
Term
Independence Model
Definition
Religion and science are separate entities
Term
Two Root conflicts
Definition
Epistemology (what we know) and Institutions (places that declare truth)
Term
Dialogue-Integration Model
Definition
Science and Religion are different, but they work best together
Term
Gradualism
Definition
Slow changes in species
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Some characteristics are better suited for some climates than others.
Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
the idea that the changes don't come gradually, but happen very quickly.
Term
Divine Creation
Definition
God is agent of Creation
Term
Darwinism
Definition
Evolution is the agent of creation
Term
Three points of Evolution
Definition
◊ Small variations that are inheritable
◊ Some characteristics more helpful
◊ Over time, different breeds of the same species will evolve into new species
Term
Evolution
Definition
Descent with modification
Term
Phylogenetic Tree
Definition
Shows lines of Descent in organisms
Bottom - past, top - present
Term
Speciation Event
Definition
When one line diverges into two species in a phylogenetic tree
Term
Clade
Definition
A group of species connected by shared lineage
Term
Convergent Species
Definition
Two different species that develop the same characteristics
Term
MOE: Mutation
Definition
Random change in genetic sequence
Term
MOE: Migration
Definition
Two different populations merge and pass on new genes to their offspring
Term
MOE: Genetic Drift
Definition
Changes that are due to chance, but that occur within a population
Term
MOE: Natural Selection
Definition
Some characteristics are more advantageous than others
Term
Adam's sons show what two traits of the "New stone Age?"
Definition
Agriculture and domestication of animals
Term
Butler Bill
Definition
Rejects evolution in school, Trial of John Scopes
Term
Diagenesis
Definition
All the changes that occur to teeth and bones during fossilization.
Term
Parent Horizon
Definition
Shifts and erosions in the earth. Don’t tend to find fossils where they lived
Term
Superposition
Definition
Higher tends to be younger than lower. Age by depth
Term
Origin of the Species
Definition
Provided Framework to understand finds and Evolution. Language of Missing Links
Term
Eugene Dubois
Definition
Discovered Homo Erectus. Search for missing link where there were apes and humans. Dutch box of bones
Term
Piltdown Hoax
Definition
□ Charles Dawson finds a complete skull that’s a perfect mix of human and ape parts. HOAX
Term
Raymond Dart
Definition
Discovers Australopithecus Africanus, perfect brain, skull picked apart by eagles
Term
Toolkits
Definition
Oldowan Tool kit and Acheulean Tool kit
Term
Species
Definition
Consist of individuals that can interbreed with one another
Term
Paleontologists
Definition
A scientist that studies fossils to learn about ancient organisms
Term
Mutation
Definition
A change in the sequence of Nucleotides in the DNA
Term
Population
Definition
A group of organisms of the same species that are close enough in proximity to allow them to interbreed
Term
Science
Definition
The use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process
Term
Sedimentary
Definition
Rocks formed of particles deposited by water, wind, or ice
Term
Speciation
Definition
The evolutionary process through which new species arise from existing species.
Term
C.T.
Definition
a medical imaging technique that generates a three-dimensional view of some objects by combining a series of two-dimensional X-ray images of "Slices" of that object.
Term
Specified complexity
Definition
§ Complexity with purpose. Things would not have evolved separately because there wasn't any purpose
Term
Free Choice
Definition
Principle characteristic of Intelligent agency
Term
Irreducible Complexity
Definition
removing one part causes the system to stop functioning
Term
Cumulative Complexity
Definition
removing one part will still allow the system to function as before
Term
Scaffolding Idea
Definition
evolution that moves forward. Parts that no longer are used fall away
Term
Pre-Adamites
Definition
People who lived before the Fall
Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
Jerky sudden origin of a new species and failure to change after.
Term
Mosaic traits
Definition
organisms with traits that defy one classification
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