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Spring 2011 Bio 246 Final
Full Set of Notecards for UNCW Bio 246 Final
432
Microbiology
Undergraduate 4
05/01/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Molds and Yeasts
Definition

Eukaryotic Fungi

 

Term
Protozoa
Definition
Single celled eukaryotes
Term

important providers of oxygen serve as food for many marine animals, make chemicals used in microbiological growth media

 

Definition
Algae
Term
small prokaryotes
Definition
bacteria and archae
Term
largest organism studied by microbiologists
Definition
parasitic worms
Term
smallest microbes. can only be seem using an electron microscope
Definition
viruses
Term
study of fermentation, industrial biology and biochemistry, metabolism
Definition
Pasteur and Buchner
Term
pathogens cause infectious diseases
Definition
Germ Theory of Disease
Term

Who discovered germ theory of disease

 

Definition
Koch, Pastuer and others
Term
study of the causation of diseases
Definition
Etiology
Term

koch's postulates

 

Definition

1. the causitive agent must be found in every case and absent from health hosts

2. the agent must be isolated and grown outside of host

3. when introduced to healthy host, host must get the disease

4. same agent must be found in diseased experimental host

Term
physician created handwashing techniques
Definition
Semmelweis
Term
developed theories of wound care and antisepsis
Definition
Lister
Term
introduced cleanliness and other antiseptic techniques into nursing
Definition
Florence Nightingale
Term
Developed good public hygiene, foundation of infection control and epidemiology
Definition
John Snow
Term
Developed field of immunology, smallpox vaccine
Definition
Edward Jenner
Term
developed chemotherapy, magic bullets
Definition
Paul Ehrlich
Term
stain used to put bacteria into 2 categories
Definition

Gram's Stain

Gram Negative

Gram Positive

Term
Study of metabolism
Definition
biochemistry
Term
study of inheritance in microorganisms
Definition
molecular biology
Term
study of microorganisms in their natural enviroment
Definition
environmental microbiology
Term
acellular and do not grow, self-reproduce, or metabolize
Definition
viruses
Term
Have internal, membrane-bound oranelles including nuclei
Definition

Eukaryotes

animals, plants, algae, fungi, and protozoa 

Term
external structures of bacterial cells
Definition
glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, and pili
Term
sticky external sheaths of cells, prevent cells from drying out
Definition
glycocalyces
Term
enable cells to stick to each other and to surfaces in their environment
Definition
slime layers
Term
protect cells from phagocytosis by other cells
Definition
capsule
Term
long, whiplike protrusion of some cells composed of a basal body, hook and filament allow cells movement
Definition
flagellum
Term
movement that may be either a positive response or a negative response to light or chemicals
Definition

Taxis 

Phototaxis

Chemotaxis

Term
extensions of some bacterial cells that function along with glycocalyces to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces
Definition
fimbriae
Term
mass of fimbriae on surface
Definition
biofilm
Term
hollow, nonmotile tubes of protein that allow bacteria to pull themselves forward and mediate the movement of DNA from one cell to another
Definition
Pili, or conjugation pili
Term
provide shape and support against osmotic pressure in prokaryotic cells, composed primarily of polysaccharide chains
Definition
cell walls
Term
cell walls of bacteria are composed of a large interconnected molecule of ____________
Definition

peptidoglycan

(NAG)

(NAM)

Term
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Definition
Gram-positive bacterial cell
Term
thin layer of peptidoglycan and an external wall membrane with periplasmic space, contains lipopolysaccharides
Definition
Gram-negative bacterial cells
Term
have waxy lipids in their cell walls
Definition
Acid-fast bacteria
Term
______________________ is typically composed of phospholipid molecules arranged in a double layer configuration
Definition
phospholipid bilayer
Term
prevents the passage of some substances while allowing other substances to pass through protein pores or channels, sometimes carrier molecules
Definition
selectively permeable cytoplasmic membrane
Term
relative concentrations inside and outside the cell of a chemical create a
Definition
concentration gradient
Term
differences of electrical charges on the two sides of a membrane
Definition
electrical gradient
Term
higher concentration of solutes
Definition
hypertonic
Term
lower concentration of solutes
Definition
hypotonic
Term
same concentration of solutes
Definition
isotonic solutions
Term
moves a substance against its electrochemical gradient via carrier proteins
Definition
Active transport
Term
composed of the liquid cytosol inside a cell plus nonmembranous organelles and inclusions
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
nuclear region in prokaryotic cytosol, no membrane and usually contains a single circular molecule of DNA
Definition
nucleoid
Term
dormant resistant, with vegetative cells
Definition
endospores
Term
composed of protein and ribosomal RNA, nonmembranous organelles, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, make proteins
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
network of fibrils that appear to help maintain the basic shape of prokaryotes
Definition
cytoskeleton
Term
form polysaccharide and polypeptide glycocalyces that function in attachment and biofilm formation, but not associated with disease
Definition
Archaea
Term
composed of protein or polysaccharides but not peptidoglycan
Definition
archaeal cell walls
Term
composed of chitin or other polysaccharides
Definition
fungal cell walls
Term
cell walls composed of polysaccharides or other chemicals
Definition
fungal, plant, algal, other protozoan
Term
contain sterols such as cholesterol, act to strengthen and solidify the membranes when temps rise and fluidity when temps fall
Definition
eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes
Term
active process requiring the expenditure of energy from ATP, move things into cell
Definition
endocytosis
Term
when solids are brought into the cell by endocytosis
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
nonmembranous organelles in animal and some fungal cells only, are found in a region of the cytoplasm called the centrosome, formation of flagella and cilia in cell division
Definition
centrioles
Term
refers to the passage of light or electrons of various wavelengths through lenses to magnify objects and provide resolution and contrast so that those objects can be viewed and studied
Definition
microscopy
Term
increases the numerical aperture and resolution
Definition
immersion oil
Term
may be used to enhance contrast between an object and its background
Definition
staining techniques
Term
lens closest to object being magnified
Definition
objective lens
Term
lens closest to the eyes
Definition
ocular lenses
Term
magnifications of the objective and ocular lens are multiplied to give
Definition
total magnification
Term
photograph of a microscopic image
Definition
micrograph
Term
provide a dark background for small or colorless specimens
Definition
dark-field microscopes
Term
cause light rays that pass through a specimen to be out of phase with light rays that pass through the field, producing contrast
Definition
phase microscopes
Term
use ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes to fluoresce specimens and enhance contrast
Definition
fluorescent microscopes
Term
uses fluorescent dyes in conjunction with computers to provide three-dimensional images of a specimen
Definition
confocal microscope
Term
provides an image produced by the transmission of electrons through a thinly slices, dehydrated specimen
Definition
transmission electron microscope
Term
provides a three-dimensional image by scattering electrons from the metal-coated surgace of a specimen
Definition
scanning electron microscope
Term
minuscle electronic probes are used to reveal details at the atomic level
Definition
scanning tunneling microscopes and atomic force microscopes
Term
passing slide through a flame to fix stain
Definition
heat fixation
Term
applying a chemical to slide to fix stain
Definition
chemical fixation
Term
involve the simple process of soaking the smear with one dye and then rinsing with water
Definition
simple stain
Term
use more than one dye to differentiate different cells, chemicals, or structures
Definition
differential stains
Term
Gram Stain, acid-fast stain, endospore stain
Definition
differential stains
Term
use of a primary stain, a mordant, and decolorizing agent, and a counterstain
Definition
Gram stain
Term
purple stain
Definition
gram-positive
Term
pink stain
Definition
gram-negative stain
Term
dyes that stain the background and leave the cells colorless
Definition
negative (capsule) stains
Term
nonoverlapping groups of organisms that are studied and named in taxonomy
Definition
taxa
Term
invented the system of taxonomy
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus
Term
practice of naming organisms with two names
Definition
binomical nomenclature
Term
different ways species are distinguished
Definition
phage typantisera, agglutination tests, nucleic acid analysis, phage typing
Term
visible population of microorganisms arising from a single cell or colony-forming unit living in one place
Definition
colony
Term
chemical nutrients
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Term
use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and light energy to make their own food
Definition
photoautotrophs
Term
use carbon dioxide as a carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy
Definition
chemoautotrophs
Term
photosynthetic organisms that acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds
Definition
photoheterotrophs
Term
use organic compounds for both energy and carbon
Definition
chemoheterotrophs
Term
acquire electrons for redox reactions from organic sources
Definition
organotrophs
Term
acquire electrons form inorganic sources
Definition
lithotrophs
Term
require oxygen molecules as the final electron acceptor of their electron transport chains
Definition
obligate aerobes
Term
cannot tolerate oxygen and must use an electron acceptor other than oxygen
Definition
obligate anaerobes
Term
toxic type of oxygen which is neutralized by pigments called carotenoids
Definition
singlet oxygen 
Term
toxic type of oxygen which are detoxified by superoxide dismutase
Definition
superoxide radicals
Term
toxic type of oxygen that is detoxified by catalase or peroxidase
Definition
peroxide anion
Term
type of toxic oxygen that is the most reactive of the toxic forms
Definition
hydroxyl radicals
Term
microbes that strictly require oxygen
Definition
aerobes
Term
microbes that strictly cannot tolerate oxygen
Definition
anaerobes
Term
microbes that can live with or without oxygen
Definition
facultative anaerobes
Term
microbes that prefer anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen
Definition
aerotolerant anaerobes
Term
microbes that require low levels of oxygen
Definition
microaerophiles
Term
some bacteria can reduce nitrogen gas into a more usable form in ____________
Definition
nitrogen fixation
Term
organic chemicals required in small amounts for metabolism
Definition
growth factors, like vitamins
Term
temp at which an organism's metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate
Definition
optimum growth temperature
Term
grow best at neutral pH
Definition
neutrophils
Term
grow best in acidic surroundings
Definition
acidophiles
Term
live in alkaline habitats
Definition
alkalinophiles
Term
shriveling of cell
Definition
crenation
Term
require high osmotic pressure
Definition
obligate halophiles
Term
do not require high osmotic pressure
Definition
facultative halophiles
Term
organisms that normally live under the extreme hydrostatic pressure at great depth below the surface of a body of water
Definition
barophiles
Term
process by which bacteria respond to changes in microbial density by utilizing signal and receptor molecules
Definition
Quorum sensing
Term
Coldest temperature requirements
Definition
psychrophiles
Term
require hottest temps
Definition
hyperthermophiles
Term
sample of human material
Definition
clinical specimen
Term
contain cells of only one species and are derived from colony-forming unit composed of a single cell or group of related cells
Definition
pure cultures (axenic)
Term
provides exact known amounts of nutrients for the growth of a particular microbe
Definition
defined medium
Term
contain a variety of growth factors
Definition
complex media
Term
growth phase when organisms are adjusting to their environment
Definition
lag phase
Term
growth stage when organisms are most actively growing
Definition
log phase
Term
growth stage in which new organisms are being produced at the same rate old ones are dying
Definition
stationary phase
Term
Sterilization
Definition
the eradication of microorganisms and viruses
Term
Aseptic
Definition
enviroment free of contamination by pathogens
Term
Antisepsis
Definition
the inhibition/ killing of microorganisms on skin or tissue by the use of a chemical antiseptic
Term
Disenfection
Definition
refers to the use of agents to inhibit microbes on inanimate objects
Term
degerming
Definition
refers to the removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing
Term
sanitation
Definition
reduction of a prescribed number of pathogens from surfaces and utensils in public settings
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
process using heat to kill pathogens and control microbes that cause spoilage of food and beverages
Term
suffixes -stasis and -static
Definition
indicate that an antimicrobial agent inhibits microbes
Term
-cide or -cidal
Definition
indicate that the agent kills or permanently inactivates a particular type of microbe
Term
microbial death
Definition
the permanent loss of reproductive capacity
Term
microbial death rate
Definition
measures the efficacy of an antimicrobial agent
Term
How to antimicrobial agents destroy microbes?
Definition
by altering their cell walls and membranes or by interrupting their metabolism and reproduction via interference with proteins and nucleic acids
Term
factors affecting efficacy of antimicrobial control
Definition
site to be treated, relative susceptibility of microorganisms and environmental conditions
Term
Phenol coefficient, use-dilution test, Kelsey-Sykes capacity test, in-use test
Definition
methods for evaluating the effectiveness of a disinfectant
Term
thermal death point
Definition
lowest temperature that kills all cells in a broth in 10 minutes
Term
Thermal death time
Definition
time it takes to completely sterilize a particular volume of liquid at a set temperature
Term
decimal reduction time
Definition
time required to destroy 90% of the microbes in a sample
Term
autoclave
Definition
Uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat
Term
Boiling
Definition
denatures proteins and destroys membranes, disinfection and sanitation
Term
Autoclaving
Definition

15 min at 121 degrees Celsius

denatures proteins and destroys membranes

sterilization of medical and laboratory supplies, sterilization of canned food

Term
Pasteurization
Definition

15 seconds at 72 degrees celsius

denatures proteins and destroys membranes

destruction of all pathogens and most spoilage microbes in dairy products, juices beer wine

Term
Ultra-high Temp sterilization
Definition

1-3 sec at 140 degrees celsius

denatures proteins and destroys membranes

sterilization of dairy products

Term
Hot Air
Definition

2 hours at 160 degrees celsius

denatures proteins, destroys membranes, oxidizes metabolic compounds

Sterilization of water sensitive materials

Term
Incineration
Definition

1 second at more than 1000 degree celsius

oxidizes everything completely

sterilization of inoculating loops, waste and diseased carcasses

Term
refrigeration
Definition

0-7 degrees celsius

inhibits metabolism

preservation of food

Term
freezing
Definition

inhibits metabolism

preservation of food

Term

dessication (drying)

 

Definition

inhibits metabolism

preservation of food

Term
Lyophilization (freeze drying)
Definition

inhibits metabolism

long-term storage of bacterial cultures

Term
Filtration
Definition

physically separates microbes form air and liquids

sterilization of air and heat, vaccines, antibiotics

Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition

inhibits metabolism

preservation of food

Term
ionizing radiation
Definition

electronic beams, gamma rays, X rays

Destroys DNA

sterilization of medical and lab equipment, and preservation of food

Term
Non-ionizing radiation
Definition

ultraviolet light

formation of thymine dimers inhibits DNA transcription and replication

disinfection and sterilization of surfaces and of transparent fluids and gases

Term
Phenolics
Definition
intermediate to low level disentectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
Term
Alcohols
Definition

intermediate-level disinfectants that denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes

 

Term
Halogens
Definition

iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine

intermediate-level disinfectants and antispetics to kill microbes in water or medical instruments or skin

Term

Oxidizing agents

 

Definition

hydrogen peroxide, ozone, peracetic acid

high-level disenfectants and antiseptics that release oxygen radicals

Term
Surfactants
Definition

soaps, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds

Low-level disinfectants

Term
Heavy-metal ions
Definition

arsenic, silver, mercury, copper and zinc

low level disinfectants denature proteins

Term
Aldehydes
Definition
high level disinfectants 
Term
Gaseous agents
Definition

ethylene oxide, etc

high level disinfecting 

sterilize heat-sensitive equipment and large objects

Term
antimicrobial enzymes
Definition
organisms use to combat microbes
Term
antimicrobials
Definition

antibiotics, semisynthetics, and sythetics

intermediate level disinfectants and antibiotics

Term

3 Basic Shapes of prokaryotic cells

 

Definition
cocci, rod shaped bacilli, spirals
Term
vibrios
Definition
slightly curved rods
Term
streptococci
Definition
long chains of cocci
Term
diplococci
Definition
pairs of cocci
Term
tetrads
Definition
foursomes of cocci
Term
sarcinae
Definition
cuboidal packets of cocci
Term
staphylococci
Definition
clusters of cocci
Term
Budding
Definition
an outgrowth of the original cell receives a copy of the genetic material and enlarges, eventually cut off from parental cell
Term
Bacillus and Clostridium
Definition
Endospores are created within the vegetative cells of these Gram-positive generas
Term
extremophiles
Definition
Archae that require extreme conditions of temp, pH, and or salinity to survive
Term
Thermophiles
Definition
live at temps above 45 degrees Celsius and 80 degrees celsius
Term
Halophiles
Definition
high concentrations of salt to keep cell walls intact
Term
methanogens
Definition
obligate anaerobes that produce methan gas and are useful in sewage treatment
Term
deeply branching bacteria
Definition
have rRNA sequences thought to be similar to those of early bacteria live in hot acidic environments
Term
phototrophic bacteria
Definition
trap light energy with photosynthetic lamelae
Term
5 groups of phototrophic bacteria
Definition
Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur, purple sulfur, and purple non sulfur
Term
Firmicutes
Definition

contain bacteria with G + C ratio of less than 50%

Clostridia, mycoplasmas, and other low G + C cocci and bacilli

Term
Clostridia
Definition

genus Clostridium (pathogenic causes gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and diarrhea)

genus Epulopiscium and Veillonella

Term
Mycoplasmas
Definition

Gram-positive, pleomorphic, facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes that lack cell walls and therfore stain pink with gram stain

Pneumonia and UTI

Term
Low G + C Gram Positive Bacilli and cocci
Definition
Bacillus, Listeria, Lactobacillus, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus
Term
High G + C Bacteria
Definition
Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, actinomycetes
Term
Mycobacterium (Genus)
Definition

cause tuberculosis and leprosy

grow slowly and have unique, resistant cell wallas containing waxy mycolic acids

Term
Actinomycetes
Definition
resembe fungi int that they produce spores and form filaments, Actinomyces, nocardia, streptomyces
Term
Phylum Proteobacteria
Definition
large group of Gram-Negative bacteria divided into five classes alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon proteobacteria
Term
alphaproteobacteria
Definition
variety of aerobes, unusual cellular extensions called prosthecae
Term
Pathogenic alphaproteobacteria
Definition
rickettsia and Brucella
Term
Betaproteobacteria
Definition
nitrifying Nitrosomonas, Neisseria, Bordetella, and Burkholderia
Term
gammaproteobacteria
Definition
legionella, coxiella
Term
epsilonproteobacteria
Definition
Campylobacter and Helicobacter
Term
Chlamydias
Definition

gram-negative cocci 

neonatal blindness, pneumonia, and a sexually transmitted disease

Term
Spriochetes
Definition

flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse environments

Treponema and Borrelia

Term
Bacteroids
Definition
Bacteroides Cytophaga
Term
virus
Definition
tiny infectious agent with nucleic acid surrounded by proteinaceous capsomeres that form a coat called a capsid
Term
viron
Definition
complete viral partical, including nucleic acid and capsid
Term
genomes of viruses
Definition
DNA or RNA, dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
virus that infects a bacterial cell
Term
envelope
Definition
membranous structure around viron
Term
Attachment stage in viruses
Definition
between viron and host, nucleic acid enters cell sometimes whole virus
Term
uncoating
Definition
viral capsid is removed
Term
budding (viruses)
Definition
extrusion of enveloped virions through the host cytoplasmic membrane
Term
Temperate (lysogenic) phages
Definition
enter a bacterial cell and remain inactive lysogeny or lysogenic replication cycle
Term
Prophages
Definition
inactive phages that are inserted into the chromosome of the cella and passed to its daughter cells
Term
Lysogenic conversion
Definition
phages carry genes that alter the phenotype of a bacterium
Term
induction
Definition
prophage may be excised from the chromosome 
Term
latency
Definition
process similar to lysogeny an animal virus remains inactive in a cell for years
Term
latent virus
Definition
provirus. one that has become incorporated into a host's chromosome remains there
Term
dsDNA
Definition
act like celular DNA in transcription except for Hep B
Term
ss RNA viruses
Definition
positive stranted RNA can be directly translated by ribosomes to synthesize proteins
Term
Retroviruses
Definition

HIV

are +ssRNA viruses that carry reverse transcriptase, which transcribes DNA from RNA

Term
-ssRNA viruses
Definition
carry an RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase for transcribing mRNA from the -RNA genome so that protein can then be translated.
Term
dsRNA Viruses
Definition
one strand of RNA functions as a genome, and the other strand functions as a template for RNA replication
Term
Neoplasia
Definition
uncontrolled cellular reproduction in a multicellular animal.
Term
tumor
Definition
mass of neoplastic cells 
Term
benign
Definition
harmless
Term
malignant
Definition
invasive
Term
metastisis
Definition
describes the spreading of malignant tumors
Term
How are viruses cultured?
Definition
inside mature organisms because they cannot metabolize or replicate alone
Term
plaques
Definition
clear areas on plate after bacteria is lysed by phages
Term
viroids
Definition
small circular pieces of RNA with no capsid that infect and cause disease in plants
Term
Prions
Definition
infectious protein particles that lack nucleic acids and replicate by converting similar normal proteins into new prions
Term
mutualism
Definition
both members benefit
Term
parasitism
Definition
parasite benefits while host is harmed
Term
commensalism
Definition
one member benefits while other is relatively unaffected
Term
pathogen
Definition
are parasite that causes disease
Term
normal microbiota
Definition
live in and on the body
Term
opportunistic pathogens
Definition
cause disease when the immune system is supressed
Term
resevoirs of infection
Definition
living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease 
Term
zoonoses
Definition
diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animal or its waste products
Term
nonliving resevoirs of infection
Definition
soil, water, and inanimate objects
Term
microbial contamination
Definition

mere prescence of microbes in or on the body or object

harmless and transient

Term
portals of entry
Definition
skin, mucous membranes, placenta
Term
parenteral route
Definition
microbes directly deposited into deeper tissues
Term
adhesion
Definition
pathogens attach to cells via a variety of structures or attachment proteins called adhesion factors
Term
avirulent
Definition
bacteria and viruses lose the ability to make adhesion factors called adhesins
Term
biofilm
Definition
sticky web of cells and polysaccharides 
Term
disease or morbidity
Definition
condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body
Term
symptoms
Definition
subjectively felt by a patient
Term
sign
Definition
outside observercan observe them
Term
syndrome
Definition
group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition
Term
asymptomatic or subclinical infections
Definition
infection that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease
Term
pathogenicity
Definition
microorganisms ability to cause disease
Term
virulence 
Definition
measure of pathogenicity
Term
Virulence factors
Definition
adhesion factors, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease
Term
Toxemia
Definition
presence in the blood of poisons called toxins
Term
exotoxins
Definition
secreted by pathogens into their environment
Term
endotoxin
Definition
Lipid A, released from cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have fatal effects
Term
antitoxins
Definition
antibodies the host forms against toxins
Term
disease process
Definition
stages of infectious diseases
Term
incubation
Definition
the time between infection and occurence of the first symptoms or signs of disease
Term
prodromal period
Definition
short time of generalized, mild symptoms that precede illness
Term
Illness
Definition
most severe stage of an infectious disease. signs and symptoms most evident
Term
Decline period
Definition
the body gradually returns to normal as the patient's immune response and or medical treatment vanquish the pathogens
Term

  • Convalescence

Definition
patient recovers from the illness, tissues are repaired and returned to normal. infectious over every stage of disease
Term
Portals of exit
Definition
nose, mouth, urethra, allow pathogens to leave the body and are of interst in studying the spread of disease
Term
Direct contact transmission of infectious diseases
Definition
involves person-to person spread by body contact
Term
indirect contact transmission
Definition
when pathogens are transmitted via inanimate objectes (Fomites)
Term
Droplet transmission
Definition
occurs when pathogens travel less that 1 meter in droplets of mucus to a new host as a result of speaking or coughing
Term
Vehicle transmission
Definition
airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmission
Term
aerosols
Definition
clouds of water droplets which travel more than 1 meter in airborne transmission
Term
Fecal-Oral infection
Definition
result from sewage-contaminated drinking water or from ingesting fecal contaminants
Term
Bodily fluid transmission
Definition
spread of pathogens via blood, urine, saliva, or other fluids
Term
Vectors
Definition
transmit pathogens between hosts
Term
biological vectors
Definition
animals, usually biting arthropods, that serve as both host and vector of pathogens
Term
Mechanical vectors
Definition
not hosts to the pathogens they carry
Term
Acute disease
Definition
develops rapidly but lasts a short period of time
Term
chronic diseases
Definition
develop slowly and are continual or recurrent
Term
sub acute diseases
Definition
have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic
Term
Latent disease
Definition
those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active
Term
communicable disease
Definition
infectious disease comes from another infected host, either directly or indirectly
Term
contagious disease
Definition
communicable disease is easily transmitted between hosts
Term
noncommunicable disease
Definition

arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota

tooth decay

Term
epidemiology
Definition
study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations
Term
incidence
Definition
number of new cases of a disease
Term
prevalence
Definition
total number of cases of a disease
Term
endemic
Definition
disease is usually present
Term
sporadic
Definition
occasional disease
Term
epidemic
Definition
more cases than usual
Term
pandemic
Definition
epidemic on more than one continent
Term
nosocomial infections/nosocomial diseases
Definition
aquired by patients or workers in healthcare facilities
Term
exogenous nosocomial infection
Definition
acquired by health care enviroment
Term
endogenou nosocomial infection
Definition
derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting
Term
iatrogenic nosocomial infection
Definition
induced by treatment or medical procedures
Term
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis
Definition

found on skin and in upper respiratory , gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts

 

Term
Food poisoning
Definition
staphylococcus noninvasive disease
Term
Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, sties, furuncles, carbuncles
Definition
cutaneous staphylococcus diseases 
Term

Toxic Shock Syndrome

S.aureus

Definition

staphylococcus grow in wound or in an abraded vagina

fever, vomiting, red rash, extremely low vlood pressure, and loss of sheets of skin

Term
Bacteremia
Definition

S. aureus

presence of bacteria in the blood

Term
Endocarditis
Definition

S.aureus

may attack lining of the heart

most do not survive

Term
Pneumonia and Empyema
Definition
Staphylococcus in blood can invade lungs and filld with fluid
Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition
Staphylococcus ivades a bone, inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone
Term
MRSA
Definition
disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to many forms of antibiotics. More people die of this than HIV in the U.S.
Term
Streptococcus
Definition
diverse assemblage of Gram-positive coccie arranged in pairs or chains. faculate anaerobes
Term

Group A Streptococcus

Streptococcus pyogenes

Definition

S.pyogenes

evade phagocytosis by M protein and Hyaluronic acid capsule

infects pharynx or skin

Term
Pharyngitis
Definition

S.pyogenes

"strep throat"

inflammation of pharynx with fever, malaise and headache

back of throat is swollen, with swollen lymph nodes

Term
Scarlet Fever
Definition

scarlatina s.pyogenes

rash spreads from chest accross body

sloughing of the skin

Term
Pyoderma and Erysipelas
Definition

lesions on face and legs

impetigo

pain and inflammation on face

Term
Toxic Shocklike Syndrome
Definition

bacteremia and severe multisystem infections

s.pyogenes

Term
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Definition

s.pyogenes

flesh eating bacteria

destroy tissues

Term
Rheumatic Fever
Definition

complication of untread s.pyogenes pharyngitis

inflammation leads to damage of heart valves and muscles

Term
Treatment of Streptococcus
Definition

penicillin very effective

antibodies against M protein

Term

Group B. Streptococcus

Streptococcus agalactiae

Definition

gram positive

capsules are not protective against antibodies

 

Term
Viridans streptococci
Definition
cavities
Term
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Definition

gram positive bacteria 

normal member of the pharyngeal microbiota that can colonize the lungs, sinuses, and middle ear

otis media, endocarditis, meningitis

Term
Enterococcus
Definition

gram positive cocci, pathogenic in humans

live in intestinal tracts of animals

can cause problems if infect other parts of the body

Term
Bacillus
Definition
gram positive bacilli into endospore-forming and non-endospore forming genera
Term
Bacillus anthracis
Definition

large, rod shaped, facultatlively anaerobic bacterium that normal dwells in soil

endospore forming

 

Term
Anthrax
Definition

b.anthracis

through breaks in skin

bioterrorism

gastrointestinal, cutaneous, inhalation

Term
Clostridium
Definition

anaerobic, gram-positive endospore forming bacillus that is ubiquitous in soil, water, sewage and gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans

 

Term
Clostridium perfringens
Definition

rapid growth

11 toxins that lyse erthrocytes and leukocytes, kills cels

mild food poisoning to life threatening illness

Term
Gas gangrene
Definition
bacterial waste product produced by tissue death due to c.perfringens
Term
Clostridium difficile
Definition

motile, anaerobic intestinal bacterium

form endospores

opportunistic in patients treated with wide-spectrum antimicrobial drugs

pseudomembranous colitis-colon wall sloughs off

Term
Clostridium botulinum
Definition

anaerobic, endospore forming gram positive common in soil and water worldwide

Botulism toxins act by binding irreversibly to neuronal cytoplasmic membranes, preventing fusion of vesicles and secretion of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft-flaccid paralysis

Term
clostridium tetani
Definition

small, motile, obligate anaerobe that produces endospore

in soil, dust and GI tracts of animals and humans

lockjaw

Term
Listeria
Definition

low G+C Gram-positive non-endospore forming bacillus found in soil, water, mammals, birds fish and insects

enters body through contaminated food and drink

Term
mycoplasmas
Definition

have sterols in their cytoplasmic membranes, lack cell walls

Pelvic Inflammatory disease

Term
Corynebacterium
Definition

high G+C pleomorphic, non-endospore forming bacteria

on plants and in animals and humans

divide via snapping division

 

Term
corynebacterium diphtheriae
Definition

transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact

sore throat, pain 

Term
Tuberculosis
Definition

primary mycobacterial disease

respiratory disease

waxy cell walls

 

Term
Leprosy
Definition

mycobacterium leprae

Hansen's disease

high G+C Gram positive bacillus

stained with acid fast stain

 

Term
propionibacterium
Definition
acne
Term
nocardia asteroides
Definition

opportunistic bacterial pathogen that infects numerous sites, lungs, skin, and central nervous system

causes pneumonia

Term
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Definition
blood clots throughout the body
Term
Neisseria
Definition
pathogenic, Gram-negative, oxidase-positive coccus, contains Lipid A
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Definition
causes gonorrhea, sexually transmitted disease of humans,  can cause pelvic inflammatory disease
Term
Neisseria meningitidis
Definition
causes a type of meningitis, bacterium is transmitted on respiratory droplets and is life threatening when it enters the bloodstream or central nervous system
Term
Enterobacteriaceae, enteric bacteria
Definition
can be pathogenic, oxidase negative, reduce nitrate to nitrite, ferment glucose anaerobically, siderophores
Term
Coliforms
Definition
found in intestinal tracts of animals and humans
Term
Escherichia coli
Definition
most common and most widely studied coliform. causes gastroenteritis, non-nosocomial urinary tract infection, hemolytic uremia syndrome
Term
Salmonella enterica
Definition
Salmonellosis serious form of diarrhea
Term
Typhi and Parathypi
Definition
S. enterica, typhoid fever
Term
Shigellosis
Definition
Shigella, severe form of diarrhea
Term
Bubonic and pneumonic plague
Definition
Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, virulent form
Term
Brucellosis
Definition
Bang's disease, undulent fever, Malta fever, Brucella in unpasteurized contaminated milk
Term
Pertussis
Definition
Bordetella pertussis whooping cough, 
Term
Tularemia
Definition
rabbit fever or tick fever, Francisella tularensis
Term
Legionnaires disease
Definition
legionellosis, pontiac fever, caused by legionella, transmitted by aerosols
Term
Rickettsias
Definition
extremely small, gram-negative, obligate intracelular parasites
Term
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Definition

Rickettsia rickettsii 

serious illness transmitted by ticks

Term
Epidemic typhus
Definition
pickettsia rickettsii, lice-borne disease
Term

human monocytic ehrlichiosis

 

Definition
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Term
Anaplasmosis
Definition
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Term
Chlamydias
Definition
small, nonmotile, obligate intracellular parasites, elementary bodies-infectious, reticulate bodies- noninfectious, and inclusion body-edosome
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
causes the most reported sexually transmitted disease in the U.S.
Term
Syphilis
Definition
caused by Treponema pallidum pallidum, sexually transmitted obligate parasite of humans, chancre, 
Term
congenital syphilis
Definition
infected mother infects her fetus
Term
yaws
Definition
teronema pallidum pertenue, skin disease in South America, central africa, and southeast asia
Term
Lyme Disease
Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi, disease transmitted by ticks Ixodes bull's eye rash
Term
Leptospirosis
Definition
zoonotic disease in humans transmitted via animal urine and characterized by pain, headacher, liver and kidney dysfunction
Term
Vibrio
Definition
genus of Gram-negative curved bacteria with polar flagella that naturally live in marine environments
Term
Vibrio cholerae
Definition
causes cholera, disease contracted via the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Cholera has been pandermic through the centuries
Term
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Definition
enters the body via ingestion of shellfish from contaminated waters, milder form of cholera gastroenteristis
Term
Campylobacter jejuni
Definition
found in domestic animal resevoirs, commonly causes gastroenteritis when ingested in contaminated food, water, or milk
Term
Helicobacter pylori
Definition
reduces the amount of mucus produced in the stomach, acidic gastric juice eats away the stomach lining causing peptic ulcers
Term
Medical mycology
Definition
study of the diagnosis, management and prevention of mycoses
Term
mycoses
Definition
fungal diseases
Term
dermatophytes
Definition
fungi that spread my human-to human contact
Term
diagnosis of mycoses
Definition
correlates signs and symptoms with microscopic examinatino of tissues or labratory cultures
Term
Amphotericin B
Definition
kills most fungi and can be uses to treat most fungal infections
Term
Systemic mycoses
Definition

fungal infections that spread throughout the body

Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides

Term
histoplasmosis
Definition

Histoplasma capsulatum

associated primarily with bat and bird droppings in soil in the Ohio River Valley

Term
Blastomycosis
Definition
found in the eastern U.S. and is caused by blastomyces dermatitidis, normally lives in soil rich in organic material
Term
Coccidioidomycosis
Definition

coccidioides immitis

common in AIDS patients contaminated dust

Term
paracoccidioidomycosis
Definition
paracoccidioides brasiliensis found in Brazil and some other regions of south and central america, permanently disfiguring lesions
Term
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Definition

pneumocystis jiroveci

leading cause of death in AIDS patients in the U.S. The organism shows a blend of characteristics similar to those of both protozoans and fungi. multiplies rapidly

Term
Candidiasis
Definition
Candida, most important pathogen of AIDS patients
Term
Aspergillosis
Definition
group of diseases caused by Aspergillus species
Term
cryptococcoses
Definition
cryptococcus neoformans common in bird droppings and soil manifest as cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS pts
Term
Zygomycoses
Definition
Mucor 
Term
Black and White Piedra
Definition
benign, superficial infections  of the hair shafts that can be transmitted among family members through shared brushes
Term
Dermatophytoses
Definition
tineas, ringworms superficial skin, nail and hair infections cause by fungi transmitted from individual to individual
Term
Pityriasis
Definition
Malassezia furfur, fungus that infects the skin, discolored patches of skin
Term
Chromobastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis
Definition
dark-pigmented fungi, traumatic introduction of fungi into the skin
Term
Mycetomas
Definition
invasive and destructive infections following introduction of soil fungi through scrapes or pricks from vegetation, surgery or amputation is required to remove it.
Term
Sporotrchosis
Definition
inoculation of soil fungi by thorn pricks, lesions along the course of lymphatic vessels
Term
mycotoxins
Definition
result of fungal metabolism, if ingested can result in death
Term
Mycetismus
Definition
results from eating mycotoxic mushrooms
Term
Aflatoxins
Definition
Aspergillus, well known mycotoxins
Term
Poxviridae
Definition
Double stranded, enveloped, complex capsid, smallpox, molluscum cantagiosum
Term
Herpesviridae
Definition
Double stranded, enveloped, icosahedral, Herpes virus, chickenpox, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus
Term
Papillomaviridae
Definition
double stranded, naked, icosahedral, papillomavirus,
Term
Polyomaviridae
Definition
Double Stranded, naked, icosahedral, polymavirus
Term
Adenoviridae
Definition
Double stranded, naked, icosahedral, mastadenovirus, conjunctivitis, respiratory infections
Term
Hepadnoviridae
Definition
partial single and partial double, enveloped, icosahedral, orthohepadnavirus (Hep B)
Term
Parvoviridae
Definition
single stranded , naked, icosahedral, erythrovirus (fifth disease)
Term
Smallpox
Definition
eradicated by nature in 1980, variola minor-less sever, variola major- more severe, monkey px and cowpox can infect humans but it is rare
Term
Herpesviridae
Definition
fever blisters, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, cancer, 
Term
Human herpesvirus 1 and 2
Definition

painful coldsores and lesions on lips and genitals

LATENT

Term
Ocular herpes
Definition
one eye, sensitivity to blindness
Term
Whitlow
Definition
inflamed blister resulting from infection of Herpes 1 or 2 in cut of skin (health professionals)
Term
Human herpesvirus 3
Definition

Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (Shingles in adults) latent

lesions

Term
Burkitts lymphoma
Definition
infectious cancer caused by human herpesvirus 4, Epstein Barr Virus. Also causes mono, hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, hairy leukoplakia in AIDS pts.
Term
Human herpesvirus 5
Definition
cytomeglavirus, causes infectious cells to enlarge, can be fatal to newborns
Term
Human herpes virus 6
Definition
roseola, rose colored rash on face of children
Term
Human herpes virus 7
Definition
orphan virus, has no disease
Term
Human herpes virus 8
Definition
causes Kaposi's sarcoma, cancer in AIDS pts
Term
Wart
Definition
papilloma, benign growth of epithelium or mucous membrane caused by paplillomavirus
Term
condylomata acuminata
Definition
large, cauliflower like genital warts
Term
Polyomaviruses
Definition
BK JC viruses, infect the kidneys of most people, only in immunosuppressed people
Term
adenovirus
Definition
common cold and pinkeye
Term
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Definition
infects the liveer, transmitted in blood and other bodily fluids, only DNA virus that causes hepatitis, vaccine against but no treatment
Term
Picornaviridae
Definition
single stranded positive, naked, icosahedral, enterovirus (polio), rhinovirus (common cold), hepatovirus (hep A)
Term
Caliciviridae
Definition
single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, norovirus (acute gastroenteritis)
Term
Hepeviridae
Definition
single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, helpvirus(hep E)
Term
Astroviridae
Definition
single stranded, positive, naked, icosahedral, astrovirus (gastroenteritis)
Term
Togavirus
Definition
single stranded, positive, enveloped, icosahedral, alphavirus (encephalitis) and Rubivirus (rubella)
Term
Flaviviridae
Definition
single stranded, positive, enveloped, icosahedral, flavivirus (yellow fever) and hepacivirus (Hep C)
Term
coronaviridae
Definition
single stranded, positive, enveloped, helical, coronavirus (common cold, SARS)
Term
Retroviridae
Definition
single stranded, positive, segmented, enveloped, icosahedral, deltaretrovirus (leukemia) Lentivirus (AIDS)
Term
Paramyxoviridae
Definition
single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, paramyxovirus (colds, respiratory infections), Pneumovirus( respiratory syncitial disease) morillivirus (measles), Rubulavirus (mumps)
Term
Rhabdoviridae
Definition
single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, lyssavirus (rabies)
Term
Filoviridae
Definition
single stranded, negative, enveloped, helical, ebolavirus (ebola hemorrhagic fever), Marburgvirus (marburg hemorrhagic fever
Term
Orthomyxoviridae
Definition
single stranded, negative, segmented, enveloped, helical, influenzavirus (flu)
Term
Bunyaviridae
Definition
single stranded, negative, segmented, enveloped, helical, bunyavirus( encephalitis) hantavirus (pneumonia)
Term
Arenaviridae
Definition

single stranded, negative, segmented

enveloped, helical, lassavirus (hemorrhagic fever), Deltavirus (hep D)

Term
Reoviridae
Definition
Double stranded, segmented, naked, icosahedral, rotavirus ( diarrhea) Coltivirus (colorado tick fever)
Term
Picornoviruses
Definition
smallest, rhinoviruses, enteroviruses
Term
Polyomyelitis
Definition
polio
Term
Dengue fever
Definition
caused by flaviviridae
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