In what part of the bronchial tree does broncodilation and bronchoconstriction take place?

a. alveoli

b. bronchi

c. bronchioles

d. trachea

False

Coughed up blood would be bright red, but not very acidic. Vomitted blood, however, would be acidic with a brownish color to it.

False

Cyanosis is due to increasing amounts of unsaturated hemoglobin

What type of cough medicine should you give to someone who has a cough with non-purulent sputum?

a. an expectorant

b. a suppressant

Pulmonary edema is likely to develop from any of the following EXCEPT

a. blockage of pulmonary lymphatic vessels

b. ARDS (acute inflammation in the lungs)

c. injury to the pulmonary capillary endothelium

d. left ventricular failure

e. right ventricular failure

During inspiration

a. the diaphragm moves up and the ribs move down and in

b. the pressure inside the chest increases

c. the pressure of the air outside the chest is greater than the pressure of the air inside the chest. 

d. chest volume decreases

False

Pneumoconiosis is irriversible

Matching:

____ bleeding into the pleural space

____ occurs when two or more ribs are fractured in three           or more places

____ associated with hypercapnia

____ coughing up blood

i. Hemothorax

g. Flail Chest

k. Hypoventilation

h. Hemoptysis

What type of cough medicine should you give to someone who has a cough with non-productive cough?

a. an expectorant

b. a suppressant

c. it really doesn't matter. You could use either.

Which type of pleural effusion is due to a rupture of the thoracic duct?

a. chylothorax

b. empyema

c. exudates

d. hemothorax

e. transudate

What type of atelectasis will result from a pleural effusion?

a. compression atelectasis

b. contraction atelectasis

c. microatelectasis

d. a tension pneumothorax

e. none of the above

If someone lying down aspirates a small amount of food, it will most likely end up

a. in the lower right lung

b. in the lower left lung

c. it has equal chances of ending up in the lower right or lower left lung

d. there is no way of knowing from the above information

silicosis

asbestosis

antracosis

Matching:

____ results from excess elastase activity

____ hyper-responsive airways

____ occurs when two or more ribs are fractured in three or more places

____ fluid between the lungs and chest wall

a. allergic alveolitis

b. aspiration

c. asthma

d. chronic bronchitis

e. cylothorax

f. cystic fibrosis

g. emphysema

h. flail chest

i. pleural effusion

j. pneumoconiosis

g. emphysema

c. asthma

h. flail chest

i. pleural effusion

What type of atelectasis is non-reversible?

a. compression atelectasis

b. contraction atelectasis

c. microatelectasis

d. resorption atelectasis

Harry  Potter is playing in a quiditch game, when he is hit so hard by a bludger that he breaks a rib. There is actually a piece of rib sticking out through the skin and he is having a lot of difficulty breathing. He is probably suffering from

a. an open pneumothorax

b. a tension pneumothorax

c. iatrogenic pneumothorax

d. a spontaneous pneumothorax

False

Emphysema is characterized as a permanent

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an asthmatic episode?

a. bronchodilation

b. edema

c. mucus secretion

d. inflammation

Which two of the following would you use in the treatment of an acute asthmatic attack?

a. antibiotics

b. anti-inflammatories

c. bronchodilators

d. cromolyn drugs

e. supplemental oxygen at 70% for three days

b. anti-inflammatories

c. bronchodilators

False

Asthma is an expiratory disease. Would only affect patient during expiration

False

Interstitial pneumonias are usually viral in origin and doesnt lead to consolidation

Which of the following is more characteristic of asthma or of emphysema? (Write A for asthma, E for emphysema, or B for BOTH in each blank)

____ difficulty on expiration

____ characterized by episodic, reversible bronchospasm

____ characterized by permanent enlargement of the               distal airways

B

A

E

Smoking contributes to all of the following EXCEPT:

a. accumulations of neutrophils and macrophages in the alveoli

b. enhancement of elastase activity in macrophages

c. production of oxygen free radicals which decrease antielastase activity

d. smoking inhibits elastase activity in macrophages

e. smoking contributes to all of the above

ARDS is characterized by 

a. an inherited genetic defect

b. bronchial obstruction with mucous plugs

c. diffuse pulmonary edema

d. slow development of chronic symptoms

e. low mortality

f. none of the above

asthma

emphysema

chronic bronchitis

bronchiectasis

cystic fibrosis

Which of the following types of pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

a. aspiration pneumonia

b. atypical pneumonia

c. hypostatic pneumonia

d. Legionnaires' Disease

e. pneumococcal pneumonia

Pneumonia with inflammation of the alveolar septa is called

a. alveolar pneumonia

b. bacterial pneumonia

c. bronchopneumonia

d. interstitial pneumonia

e. lobar pneumonia

Where does CSF re-enter the general circulation?

a. arachnoid villi

b. cerebral aqueduct

c. choroid plexus

d. dural sinus

e. lateral ventricles

f. pia mater

a. arachnoid villi

d. dural sinus

False

Decreased serotonin levels causes the migraine

A non-pulsating, mild to moderate bilateral headache associated with pericranial muscle spasm is most likely a

a. migraine headache

b. tension headache

c. cluster headache

d. secondary headache

e. none of the above

False

Herniation of one side will cause the brain to move to the other side, increasing intracranial pressure

False

Hydrocephalus is an increase in CSF and only CSF

False

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo is caused by brain atrophy, which leaves more room in the skull for CSF

Increased intracranial pressure may be due to any of the following EXCEPT

a. brain abscess

b. cerebral aneurysm

c. hypovolemic shock

d. oligodendrocytoma (benign brain tumor)

e. it may be due to any of the above

Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of

a. the brain tissue

b. the epidural space

c. the subarachnoid space

d. the ventricles of the brain

e. none of the above

Hydrocephalus may be due to 

a. excessive cerebral edema

b. a tumor obstructing the ventricle system

c. congenital abnormalities

b. a tumor obstructing the ventricle system

c. congenital abnormalities

The least altered level of consciousness is ____; the most altered is ____.

a. disorientation; stupor

b. disorientation; coma

c. confusion; stupor

d. confusion; coma

d. confusion; coma

A seizure which continues indefinitely without stopping is called (a)

a. cluster seizure

b. generalized seizure

c. partial seizure

d. secondary generalization

e. status epilepticus

f. unilateral seizure

Which one of the following intracrancial substances is most able to compensate for changes in intracranial pressure?

a. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

b. blood volume

c. brain tissue

d. the above substances are equally able to compensate for changes in intracranial pressure

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a concussion?

a. a functional disturbance without macroscopic changes in the brain

b. mild to moderate subarachnoid hemorrhages

c. variable amounts of minor amnesia

d. confusion and disorientation

e. patients recover without sequellae

Name each of the following conditions:

____ bleeding into the brain tissue

____ collection of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid

____ bruising of the brain; high mortality

____ bulging of an artery due to a weakness in its wall

a. abscess

b. aneurysm

c. arteriovenous malformation

d. cerebral infarct

e. concussion

f. contusion

g. epidural hematoma

h. intracerebral hematoma

i. subarachnoid hemorrhage

j. subdural hematoma

h. intracerebral hematoma

j. subdural hematoma

f. contusion

b. aneurysm

Ms. Jones was in a car accident. At impact, her forhead struck the windshield. Her countrecoup injury would occur in the

a. frontal region

b. temporal region

c. parietal region

d. occipital region

e. none of the above

False

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of brain infarcts

Hemiparesis, visual field and speech abnormalities, and loss of sensation on one side of the body is most likely due to cerebral infarct in the 

a. internal carotid a.

b. middle cerebral a.

c. vertebrobasilar a.

d. there is no way of telling from the above information

Strokes are often preceded by TIA's. Which is NOT true of TIA's

a. self-limiting episodes of obstruction by emboli

b. TIA stands for transient ischemic attack

c. episodes last from weeks to months

d. patients who experience TIA's are at risk for a major infarct

Demyelination of nerves is a consistent feature in

a. Alzheimer's disease

b. multiple sclerosis

c. Parkinson's disease

d. rabies

e. viral encephalitis

f. none of the above