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Sports Psychology Final
Final Review
55
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2007

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Term
Stages of Team Development
Definition
Orientation-cohesiveness, differention+conflict-divides into smaller units, resolution + cohesion-energies begin to face common threat, differiention+conflict-unity starts to weaken, termination.
Term
Pendulum theory of group development
Definition
shifts occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups.
Term
Formal roles/Informal roles
Definition
Formal-dictated by the nature and structure of organization, informal- enforcer or mediator, which evolve from team dynamics
Term
Role Clarity
Definition
Know your place on a team
Term
Norm
Definition
a level of performance pattern of behavior or belief leaders need to establish positive norms to establish positive behavior on a team. Worth ethic, productivity.
Term
Types of social support
Definition
listening support, emotional support, reality confirmation, task appreciation, personal assistance.
Term
Ringelmann effect
Definition
phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases.
Term
Social loafing
Definition
individuals within a group or a team putting forth less than 10% effort due to motivation losses.
Term
Characteristics of sport teams
Definition
Collective sense of identity, structured mode of communication, norms, and distinctive roles.
Term
Task/Social Cohesion
Definition
how well to work together
Term
Team goal-setting
Definition
long term goals, set short term goals to reach long term goals, reward short term goals.
Term
Leadership
Definition
the act of leading a group of people in an organization
Term
Breakdowns in communication
Definition
sender failure, reviever failure, lack of trust, misterpretation
Term
Purposes of communication
Definition
Evaluation, Motivation, Persuasion, Problem-Solving
Term
Sending effective messages
Definition
be clear, own your message, be complete and specific, be clear consistent, separate fact from opinion, focus one thing at a time, deliver messages immediately, be supportive,
Term
Types of communication
Definition
(nonverbal, interpersonal, intrapersonal)
Term
Do’s and Don’ts of confrontation:
Definition
convey the person that you value the relationship, go slowly and think about what you want to communicate, try to understand the other persons point of view, listen carefully to what the other person is saying. Don’ts: communicate solution, focus on the problem, stop communicating, use put downs or bring up past issues, rely on nonverbal hints to communicate your thoughts.
Term
Sandwich approach to criticism
Definition
a positive statement, future oriented instruction, a compliment.
Term
Psychological reactions to injury
Definition
identity loss, lack of confidence, fear and anxiety.
Term
Relationships of Stress, social support, coping skills with injury
Definition
Athletes with high levels of life stress and low levels of social support and coping exhibit the highest injury rates; athletes with low levels of life stress and high levels of social support and coping exhibit the lowest injury rates.
Term
3 phases of injury recovery: Injury & illness phase
Definition
focus on helping the athlete understand the injury; Rehabilitation or recovery phase- Focus attention on helping sustain motivation and adherence to rehabilitation protocols through goal setting and maintaining a positive attitude. Return to full activity phase - although an athlete is physically cleared for participation, complete recovery does not happen until normal competitive functioning occurs.
Term
Factors predisposing athletes to eating disorders:
Definition
weight restrictions and standards, coach and peer pressure, sociocultural factors, performance demands, judging criteria by how you perform things.
Term
2 most abused substances in the US
Definition
(alcohol & tobacco)
Term
Percentages of athletes that say they would take steroids/How many athletes actually do use steroids?
Definition
6% college, 40-60% elite athletes
Term
Criteria of substance abuse
Definition
continued despite..., recurrent use in physical hazardous situations.
Term
Signs of anorexia/bulimia
Definition
weight too low, considerable weight loss, extreme fluxations in weight, swollen salivary glands, yellowish palms and feet, sores and calluses on back
Term
Do’s and Don’ts of dealing with eating disorders do's:
Definition
get help and advice from a specialist & emphasize the importance of good long-term nutrition. Don'ts: recommend weight loss in order to improve performance & hold team weigh-ins.
Term
Characteristics of compulsive gamblers
Definition
impossible, very difficult to identify, boastfulness, arrogance, optimism, external competitiveness, inelegance.
Term
Avoiding exercise addiction:
Definition
prioritize, re-schedule rest days, get a work out buddy that’s slower than you, and vary your intensity.
Term
Symptoms of negative exercise addiction
Definition
not going to social events, exercises everyday more than once, increase intolerance.
Term
Reasons athletes use drugs:
Definition
enhance performance, rehabilitate from injury, look better, control appetite/lose weight, escape from unpleasant emotional stress, build confidence, seek thrills, peer pressure, emulating athletic heroes
Term
Signs of substance use
Definition
mood swings, physical features, change in peer groups, major change in performance(+/-), apathetic listless behavior, poor hygiene/grooming.
Term
Side effects of steroids
Definition
severe acne, facial and body hair, irregular periods, depression, anger, and smaller breasts.
Term
Categories of performance enhancing drugs
Definition
stimulants, narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, beta-blockers relaxing drug, diuretics, peptide hormones and analogues.
Term
Drugs in Sport Decision Model
Definition
athletes conduct a cost benefit analysis of the consequences of law breaking behavior before deciding to break the law. 1) costs of decisions use, 2) benefits associated with using… 3) specific situation factors.
Term
Symptoms of burnout
Definition
low motivation, lack of caring, lowered affect, blunted affect, flat affect, and anxiety.
Term
Symptoms overtraining
Definition
apathy (not caring what’s going on) lethargy: lack of energy, tiredness, weight loss, mood changes.
Term
Effects of overtraining
Definition
positive) adoption + improved performance, (negative) decreased performance + mal adoption.
Term
Causes of burnout
Definition
how strong you are, juggling friend’s family school, performance, team, parents, coach, and inappropriate expectations.
Term
Stages of burnout
Definition
Depersonalization, decreased feelings of personal accomplishment, isolation, and emotional and physical exhaustion.
Term
Levels of moral reasoning:
Definition
external control (not getting caught), level 2: en eye for an eye, level 3: treat others the way you want to be treated. Level 4: follow external rules and regulations, level 5: whats the best for all involved.
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
- Social Learning Approach: good sporting behavior and attitudes are learned through models reinforced and social comparison.
Term
Virtues of characters in sport
Definition
integrity, fairness, compassion, and good sporting behavior
Term
Fair play
Definition
formal rules, spirit of cooperation and unwritten rules
Term
Moral development:
Definition
the process of experience and growth though which a person develops the capacity to morally reason.
Term
Delinquent behavior in sport participants vs. non participants: participants in organized sport
Definition
are less likely than non participants to engage in delinquent behavior.
Term
How to enhance moral development and good sporting behavior:
Definition
You can enhance moral development and good sporting behavior by discussing moral dilemmas, modeling appropriate behaviors, and rewarding good sporting behaviors and punishing bad sporting behaviors.
Term
Social-psychological approach to studying morality in sport
Definition
emphasizes that both personal and situational factors help determine good sporting behavior.
Term
Negative dimensions of friendship
Definition
in youth, betrayal, conflict, unattractive personal qualities
Term
Quality of adult leadership
Definition
the effects on the benefits of sport participation- The benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership. If the leadership is poor then minimal benefits from participation. If leadership is great, major benefits from sports involvement.
Term
Top 5 Reasons for young athletes participating in youth sports:
Definition
make new friends, improve skills, to get exercise, to stay in shape, and to have fun.
Term
Major reasons for dropping out of sports
Definition
have other things to do.
Term
Differences in psychological attributes for dropouts vs. participants
Definition
drop outs have lower perceived confidence than participants.
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