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Spine and Trunk
Test 4 Kines
152
Other
Graduate
04/09/2011

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Cards

Term
Know MMT procedures for each trunk movement tested (testing position, muscles tested for each movement)
Definition
LAB
Term
Know Normal/Average ROM for the AROM measures at the cervical spine and for lumbar flexion/extension and lumbar lateral flexion only
Definition
LAB
Term
Special Focus
9-1
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-9
Definition
BOOK
Term
Clinical Connection
9-1 Part I
10-1
10-3
10-4
10-6
Definition
BOOK
Term
A deformity of the vertebral column characterized by abnormal curvatures in all three planes (mainly frontal).
Definition
Scoliosis
Term
"To bend backward", where a region (usually lumbar) is convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly.
Definition
Lordosis
Term
A curve that is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly. "Hump Back"
Definition
Kyphosis
Term
A general term that describes a slipping or displacement of one vertebrae relative to another. Often occurs at L5-S1
Definition
Spondylolisthesis
Term
2 vertebrae, disk and facet joints are a what?
Definition
Segment
Term
"Top moves on bottom" is the concept of what?
Definition
Segmental Motion
Term
Referring to the C-spine, is flexion or extension the open packed position for the facet joints?
Definition
Flexion
Term
Referring to the C-spine, is flexion or extension the closed packed position for the facet joints?
Definition
Extension
Term
Anterior/Superior Slide - Is this flexion or extension of the C-spine?
Definition
Flexion
Term
Posterior/Inferior Slide - Is this flexion or extension for the C-Spine?
Definition
Extension
Term
Rotation and side bending usually what?
Definition
Are coupled
Term
Does flexion or extension increase the size of the intervertebral foramen at that segment?
Definition
Flexion
Term
Does flexion or extension make the nucleus pulposus move anteriorly within the disk?
Definition
Extension
Term
Does flexion or extension make the nucleus pulposus in the posterior direction?
Definition
Flexion
Term
What is atypical about C1 "Atlas" vertebra?
Definition
No body or spinous process
Term
What is atypical about the C2 "Axis" vertebra?
Definition
Dens
Term
What is atypical about the sacral vertebrae?
Definition
They are 5 vertebrae fused together
Term
What is atypical about the coccygeal vertebrae?
Definition
They are 3-5 vertebrae fused together
Term
Name some commonalities among vertebrae
Definition
Body
Vertebral Foramen
2 Pedicles
2 Transverse Processes
2 Laminae
Spinous Process
Superior and Inferior facet joint surfaces
Term
How are ribs subclassified?
Definition
True, False, Floating
Term
What are the true ribs?
Definition
1-7
Term
What are the false ribs?
Definition
Ribs 8-12
Term
What are the floating ribs?
Definition
11-12
Term
How many vertebrae are there?
Definition
33 (9 fused)
Term
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Definition
7
Term
How any thoracic vertebrae are there?
Definition
12
Term
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Definition
5
Term
How many sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are there?
Definition
5
4
Term
How many spinal nerve pairs do we have?
Definition
31
Term
How many disks do we have?
Definition
23
Term
Name the foramen for the spinal cord.
Definition
Vertebral Foramen
Term
Name the foramen in which the spinal nerve pass.
Definition
Intervertebral Foramen
Term
When does the ALL tighten?
Definition
Duing extension
Term
Does the ALL go wide to narrow or narrow to wide?
Definition
Narrow to wide
Term
This ligament runs from C1 to sacrum
Definition
ALL
Term
When does the PLL tighten?
Definition
During Flexion
Term
Does the PLL go wide to narrow or narrow to wide?
Definition
wide to narrow
Term
What ligament runs from C2 to sacrum?
Definition
PLL
Term
What ligament runs from c2 to sacrum, lamina to lamina?
Definition
Ligamentum Flavuum
Term
When does the ligamentum flavuum tighten?
Definition
Flexion
Term
Which ligament goes from C7 to sacrum?
Definition
Supraspinous ligament
Term
The nuchal ligament covers the c-spine, when does it tighten?
Definition
During flexion
Term
When does the interspinous ligament tighten?
Definition
During flexion
Term
What is the ROM for the OA joint?
Definition
15 Degrees of flexion AND extension (nodding)
Term
What directions can the AA joint move in?
Definition
Rotation and a bit of flexion and extension
Term
How many degrees can the AA joint move in flexion/extension?
Definition
10 degrees
Term
Approximately 50% of the total rotation of the entire cervical region occurs at what joint before rotation occurs at the rest of the cervical region.
Definition
AA joint
Term
How much ROM does the AA have in rotation?
Definition
35 to 40 degrees
Term
What type of joint are the costotransverse and costovertebral joints?
Definition
Plane synovial joints
Term
The head of rib 4 articulates with what vertebral bodies?
Definition
T3 and 4
Term
Which ribs only articulate the one body of one vertebra?
Definition
Ribs 1, 11, and 12
Term
The heads of the ribs articulate with the bodies of what?
Definition
2 adjacent thoracic vertebrae and the intervertebral disc
Term
Facet on transverse process articulates with rib
Definition
Costotransverse joint
Term
Where the heads of the ribs articulate with the bodies of the 2 adjacent vertebrae and the intervertebral disc.
Definition
Costovertebral joint
Term
Ribs 1-10 have costotransverse joints with what vertbrae?
Definition
T1-10 ONLY
Term
Where rotation and sidebending occur to the SAME side
Definition
Type II motion
Term
Where rotation and sidebending occur to OPPOSITE sides
Definition
Type I motion
Term
Does the lower C-spine and upper T-spine in all positions use type I or II motion?
Definition
Type II
Term
For A/A rotation only, is this type I or II motion?
Definition
Type II
Term
For the OA joint and the thoracic and lumbar spine in neutral, is this type I or II motion?
Definition
Type I
Term
Plays an important role in guiding segmental motion and limiting their maximal range
Definition
Facet Joint
Term
___ of movement depends mostly on the intervertebral joint
Definition
AMOUNT
Term
___ movement depend mostly on the facet joint
Definition
PROPORTION
Term
The joint between the inferior facet of the superior vertebrae and the superior facet of the inferior vertebrae.
Definition
Facet Joint
Term
The space located between any 2 adjacent vertebrae.
Definition
Intervertebral Joint
Term
How does the OA and AA differ from other segments regarding its joint structures?
Definition
They do not have discs
Term
What is the orientation (plane) of the AA joint?
Definition
Transverse Plane
Term
What is the orientation (plane) of C2 thru T1?
Definition
Approx. 45 degrees from the transverse plane; Transitions to approx. 30 degrees at lower end toward the frontal plane.
Term
What is the orientation (plane) of T1-5?
Definition
Frontal Plane
Term
What is the orientation (plane) of T6-T12?
Definition
Transitions from fontal to sagittal plane
Term
What is the orienation (plane) of the lumbar spine (L1-4)?
Definition
Sagittal plane
Term
What is the orientation (plane) of L5-S1?
Definition
Near the Frontal Plane
Term
If the Dens is unstable/hypermobile, what structure/tissue is at greatest risk for trauma?
Definition
The dens is most likely to move posteriorly over any other direction so it would be at risk for injuring the spinal cord.
Term
What is whole spine motion?
Definition
More of what we do in lab. Not 2 adjacent vertebrae but more of a set at a time.
Term
People typically think that if a spinal nerve is affecting the cause is the disk. What do we need to realize?
Definition
There is an entire 3D space and imaging is important for diagnosis. It could be a facet joint, uncovertebral joint (c-spine), etc.
Term
During what movement does the facet open?
Definition
Flexion
Term
During what movement does the facet close?
Definition
Extension
Term
During what motion does one facet open and the other one close?
Definition
Coupled Motions
Term
What is the orientation of the OA joint?
Definition
Convex on top
Concave on bottom
Term
Articulation of 2 concave superior facets of the atlas with 2 convex occipital condyles of the skull.
Definition
OA joint
Term
What motion does the AA joint favor?
Definition
Rotation
Term
What motion is favored in the c-spine?
Definition
Rotation and lateral flexion
Term
What motion is favored in the upper t-spine?
Definition
Rotation and lateral flexion
Term
What motion is favored in the lower t-spine?
Definition
flexion and extension
Term
What determines whether vertebrae favor a certain motion?
Definition
the orientation of the facet joints
Term
This movement causes closing of the ipsilateral facet and opening of the contralateral facet (L-spine)
Definition
Lateral Flexion
Term
This movement causes opening of the ipsilateral facet and closing of the contralateral facet.
Definition
Rotation
Term
A person with a hypomobile lumbar facet joint on the RIGHT will be limited in __ rotation to and ___ lateral flexion.
Definition
Right
Left
Term
For any area you have hypomobility, the areas above and below will develop what?
Definition
Hypermobility
Term
During lateral flexion on the contralateral side, the thorax is ___, the thoracic cage is ___, and the intercostal spaces ____.
Definition
Elevated
Englarged
Widen
Term
During lateral flexion on the ipsilateral side, the thoracic cage is ___, the thoracic cage ____, and the intercostal spaces are ____.
Definition
Lowered
Shrinks
Narrowed
Term
Rotation of a vertebra will lead to distortion of the corresponding rib pair because of the elasticity of the rib, especially of its cartilage. Increased posture concavity of the rib cage on side of vertebral rotation (____).
Definition
Rib hump
Term
If you have an increased posterior concavity on the side of the vertebral rotation, what happens on the other side?
Definition
the posterior concavity flattens
Term
If you have an increased posterior concavity on the side of the vertebral rotation, and the other side flattens, what happens to the rib cage anteriorly?
Definition
It is flattened on the side of rotation and increased concavity on the opposite side.
Term
R lateral flexion
L rotation
Which side is the rib hump?
Definition
Left
Term
Left lateral flexion
Right Rotation
Which side is the rib hump?
Definition
Right
Term
List in order the intradiscal pressures in the lumbar region change with body position from least to greatest.
Definition
Lying Supine
Supine with legs elevated
Sidelying
Reclined Sitting
Sitting erect
Stooped Standing
Sitting slumped
Standing while holding weight
Partial squat holding weight
Stooped standing holding weight
Term
Standing erect puts the intradiscal pressure in the lumbar region at what percentage?
Definition
100%
Term
In order for the nucleus pulposus to escape the annulus fibrosis, the annulus must be what?
Definition
Weakened or torn
Term
How is the annulus fibrosis designed?
Definition
To prevent lumbar disk NP herniation or limit any additional damage.
Term
Name the muscle that flexes, sidebends, and rotates (opposite) C-spine.
Definition
SCM
Term
Name the muscle that flexes and sidebends the C-spine
Definition
Scalenes
Term
Name the muscle that extends and rotates the C-spine.
Definition
Deep cervical paraspinals
Term
Name the muscle that extends and sidebends the spine.
Definition
Erector Spinae Group
Term
Name the muscle that flexes T-L spine.
Definition
Rectus Abdominus
Term
Name the muscle that flexes, sidebends, and rotates (opposite) T-L spine
Definition
External Oblique
Term
Name the muscle that flexes, sidebends, and rotates (same) T-L spine
Definition
Internal Oblique
Term
Name the muscle that sidebends the lumbar spine.
Definition
Quadratus Lumborum
Term
Which movement can potentially deform the NP?
Definition
Flexion
Term
What type of joint is the SI joint?
Definition
Synovial
Term
The SI joints develop ridges and depression after puberty and tend to ___ partially completely late in life.
Definition
Fuse
Term
Extremly strong __ reinforce the SI joint on all sides.
Definition
Ligaments
Term
What 2 motions do occur at the SI joint in the sagittal plane?
Definition
Translation and rotation
Term
The primary motion of the SI joint is what?
Definition
Flexion and Extension
Term
What is another term for flexion and extension when talking about the SI joint?
Definition
Nutation
Counternutation
Term
Where the anterior tip of the sacral promontory moves anteriorly and inferiorly; coccyx moves posteriorly
Definition
Nutation (flexion)
Term
Where the anterior tip of the sacral promontory moves posteriorly and superiorly; cocyx mvoes anteriorly.
Definition
Counternutation (Extension)
Term
Does nutation expand or decrease the pelvic INLET then OUTLET?
Definition
Expands the OUTLET
Decreases the INLET
Term
Does counternutation expand or decrease the pelvic INLET then OUTLET?
Definition
Expands the INLET
Decreases the OUTLET
Term
Elevates the ribs during inspriation.
Definition
External Intercostals
Term
Depresses the ribs during expiration.
Definition
Internal Intercostals
Term
A dome shaped muscle; separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
This muscle flattens with contraction, increasing the size and decreasing the pressure in the thoracic cavity and decreasing the size and increasing the pressure in the abdominal cavity.
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
Flexion stretches and thins the posterior side of the annulus fibrosis while the __ is forces posteriolory.
Definition
NP
Term
Anterior pelvic tilt =
Definition
Lumbar Extension
Term
Posterior Pelvic Tilt =
Definition
Lumbar Flexion
Term
Pelvic R forward rotation =
Definition
lumbar R rotation
Term
Pelvic L forward rotation =
Definition
Lumbar L Rotation
Term
R pelvic hike =
Definition
lumbar R lateral flexion
Term
L pelvic hike =
Definition
lumbar L lateral flexion
Term
A forward (protracted) head position places the upper C-spine in what?
Definition
Extension
Term
A forward (protracted) head position places the mid and lower C-spine in
Definition
Flexion
Term
This increases the stress on the levator scapulae and semispinalis capitis muscles and shortens the SCMS
Definition
Forward Head
Term
"stuck open" or "stuck closed" referes to injury of what?
Definition
Facet joints
Term
Most facet joints have intra-articular structures called what?
Definition
Fibrofatty meniscoids
Term
Fibrofatty meniscoids attach to the joint capsule and to what to the joint cavity?
Definition
Extend
Term
These are believed to exist to protect the capsule and cartilage from forces that occur with extremes of movement.
Definition
Fibrofatty meniscoids
Term
Can you bruise, lodge, or rupture a fibrofatty meniscoid?
Definition
Yes
Term
If you bruise, lodge, or rupture fibrofatty meniscoids what can this result in?
Definition
Hemarthrosis
Inflammation
Pain
Loss of motion
Reflex muscle spasm
Term
What does hemarthrosis mean?
Definition
Joint full of blood
Term
What is the facet joint in relation to the IV foramen?
Definition
Posteior
Term
Where is the ligamentum flavuum in relation to the IV foramen?
Definition
Posterior
Term
How does the height of the disk relate to the IV foramen?
Definition
The smaller the disk the smaller the IV foramen
Term
During forward bending (flexion), the __ contracts eccentrically to control the lowering of the trunk
Definition
Erector Spinae
Term
Once in full flexion what happens to the erector spinae?
Definition
they relax and the weight of the trunk is supported by the stretched posterior ligament complex and the stretched muscles
Term
As we attempt to actively and quickly return to an upright position, the __ must quickly and stronly activate.
Definition
Extensors
Term
What is the posterior ligament complex?
Definition
Supraspinous
Infraspinous
Ligamentum Flavum
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Term
The ___, in combination with flexion and extension of the hips, forms the primary pivot point for sagittal plane motion of the entire trunk.
Definition
Lumbar Spine
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