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Spinal Anatomy II Quizzy 1
Quiz Questions and answers from Winter ohten PCC
110
Anatomy
Graduate
11/04/2010

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Cards

Term
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
Definition
24 Segments
Term
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
Definition

Ant Bear

3 toed sloth

Term
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
Definition

Manatee

Two toed Sloth

Term
What does the term "Lumbar" refer to?
Definition
the loin, the region between the rib and the hip
Term
What does the term "coccyx" refer to?
Definition
a cuckoo bird bill/beak
Term
Which variations account for the disparity in number and morphology of vertebrae within the population?
Definition

Gender variation or Sexual Dimorphism

Ontogenetic Variation

Geographical variation or Population Based variation

Idiosyncratic variation

Term
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
Definition
about 70 cm or 28 in
Term
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
Definition
28 cm or 11 in
Term
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Definition
Ribs are formed from the embryonic template
Term
Distinguish between motion and locomotion.
Definition
Motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site/location
Term
What organ(s) are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
Definition
The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.
Term
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
Definition

Cervical: rectangular

Thoracic: Triangular

Lumbar: Reniform

Term
What are the ages of appearance and the events occurring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferior surface of the vertebral body?
Definition

Ages 7-9: epiphyseal plate

age 12: epiphyseal ring

Age 15: epiphyseal rim

Term

What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?

 

Definition
The Basivertebral Venous Foramen
Term
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Definition

Cervical: posterolateral

Thoracic: Posterior, slight lateral

Lumbar: Posterior

Term
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
Definition
Para-articular Process
Term
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
Definition
Shingling
Term
What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Definition

Cervical: articular pillar

Thoracic and Lumbar:

pars interarticularis

Term
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on lateral X-ray?
Definition
the Spinolaminar Junction
Term

What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?

 

Definition

Transverse Process/Transverse Apophysis

Articular Process/Articular Apophysis

Spinous Process/Spinous Apophysis

Term
what is the generic orientation of the transverse process/apophysis at each region of the spine?
Definition
Cervical: Anterolateral
Thoracic: Posterolateral
Lumbar: Lateral
Term
What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
Definition
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
Term
What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
Definition
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
Term
What is the name given to the joint formed by the articular facets of a vertebral couple?
Definition
The Zygapohpysis
Term
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
Definition
The superior articular process AKA
The superior articular apophysis
Term
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Definition
The inferior articular process/post zygapophysis, The superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
Term
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
Definition
The vertebral body of the segment above
The vertebral body of the segment below
The posterior longitudinal ligament
The intervertebral disc
Term
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes/apophyses as seen on X-ray?
Definition
Imbrication
Term
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Definition
Cervical: slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic: noticable angle inferiorly
Lumbar: no inferior angle
Term
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?
Definition
Cercical: triangular
Thoracic: oval
Lumbar: triangular
Sacrum: triangular
Term
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Definition
anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hoffman ligaments
Term
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
Definition
osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder arteries, posterior medullary feeder arteries, neural artery
Term
What forms the arterial vasa corona below C6?
Definition
a medial anterior spinal artery, R and L posterior spinal arteries, and 3 communicating arteries
Term
What changes to the arterial vasa corona occur between C3 and C6?
Definition
R and L anterior spinal arteries fuse to become a single median anterior spinal artery, the right and left posterior spinal arteries are unchanges, and the 4 communicating arteries are reduced to 3 communicating arteries
Term
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion
Definition
posterior distal radicular artery
Term
What are the branches of the arterial vasa corona?
Definition
pial perforating arteries, central/ventral/sulcal perforating arteries, anterior proximal radicular arteries, posterior proximal radicular arteries
Term
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
Definition
anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
Term
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
Definition
R and L anterior longitudinal veins, R and L posterior longitudinal veins, 4 communicating veins
Term
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
intervertebral veins
Term
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the PLL?
Definition
anterior internal vertebral venous pluxus, basivertebral vein
Term
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
Definition
C3-T1: the Cervical Enlargement
T9-T12: the Lumbar Enlargement
Term
What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement?
Definition
L1-S3 spinal nerves
Term
The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
Definition
cruciate anastomosis
Term
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
Definition
coccygeal medullary vestige
Term
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number, and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
Definition
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple; the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple. ie T3 nerve exits the IVF formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joins with this vertebral couple
Term
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
Definition
Hydroxyapatite
Term
What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as "living"?
Definition
It has the ability to heal, age, and remodel under stressors
Term
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?q
Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Term
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
Definition
Endochondral Ossification
Term
What bone of the apendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
Definition
the clavivle
Term
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
Definition
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus/pneumatic bones and sessamoid bones
Term
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II
Definition
heterotopic and accessory bone
Term
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
Definition
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, spenoid, and temporal
Term
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
Definition
patella and pisiform
Term
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Definition
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber, or tuberosity and malleolus
Term
What is the definition of an osseous meatus?
Definition
a blind-ended passageway which does not completely penetrate through a bone
Term
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
Definition
an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones.
Term
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
Definition
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
Term
What are the classifications of ribs 1 and 2 in the typical adult skeleton?
Definition
atypical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
Term
What are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential?
Definition
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
Term
What are the sutura vera?
Definition
true sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surgaces; typically formed by intramembraneous ossification
Term
What are the sutura notha?
Definition
false sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification
Term
Which individual sutures form the cruciate suture?
Definition
intermaxillary, interpalatine, and palato-maxillary sutures
Term
What is an example of a synarthrosis gomphosis?
Definition
tooth-alveolar socket/dental alveolus of the maxilla or mandible
Term
What is an example of the synarthrosis schindylesis?
Definition
osseous nasal septum: sphenoid-ethmoid articulation, spenoid-vomer articulation, ethmoid-vomer articulation, vomer-palatine articulation, or vomer maxilla articulation
Term
What are the classic examples of the synarthrosis syndesmosis?
Definition
tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint.
Term
What are examples of a permanent amphiarthrosis synchondrosis?
Definition
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
Term
What are the characteristics of an amphiarthrosis symphysis?
Definition
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
Term
Which example of an amphiarthrosis symphysis is temporary?
Definition
symphysis menti
Term
What are the four consistent features of diarthrosis joints?
Definition
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid
Term
What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?
Definition
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in the cervical zygapophyses, and they monitor the joint "at rest"
Term
What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors
Definition
they resemble Pacinian corpuscles, located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, most numerous in the cervical spine, and they monitor the joint during normal range of motion
Term
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
Definition
resemble golgi tendon organs, are present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, not initially observed along the vertebral collumn, moniter extreme joint movement
Term
What are the three classifications of synovial membrane?
Definition
articular, vaginal, and bursal synovial membrane.
Term
What are the three modification of articular synovial membrane?
Definition
synovial villi, articular fat pads/ Haversian glands, and synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
Term
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
Definition
femur-tibia articulations and cervical and lumbar zygapophyses
Term
What are the layers of the synovial membrane?
Definition
outer fibrous layer and inner (lumenal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima.
Term
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
Definition
cartilage can deform and return to its original volume rapidly, a time independent property
Term
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
Definition
cartilage can deform but return to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
Term
Identify and describe the three theories of joint lubrication
Definition
weeping theory implies fluid lost from cartilage joins synovial fluid to produce the viscosity of the film.
boosted theory implies water driven into cartilage results in increased viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid.
boundary theory implies that the lubricant within synovial fluid is absorbed onto the cartilage surface and is never fully removed.
Term
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
Definition
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty:)
Term
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
Definition
diarthrosis ginglymus, diarthrosis trochoid
Term
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
Definition
diarthrosis bicondylar, diarthrosis condylar, diarthrosis ellipsoidal, and diarthrosis sellar
Term
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
Definition
diarthrosis enarthrosis, diarthrosis spheroidal, diarthrosis cotyloid, and all classifications given to the same type of joint
Term
What are examples of diarthrosis ginglymus joints?
Definition
humero-ulnar joint of the elbow,
Interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes
Term
What are the examples of the diarthrosis trochoid joints?
Definition
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
Term
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
Definition
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral collumn
Term
What are examples of diarthrosis sellar joints?
Definition
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle, and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot.
Term
What are the regions/division of the internal carotid artery?
Definition
cervical, petrous, cavernous, and cerebral
Term
What vessel is formed by the union of the internal maxillary and superficial temporal veins?
Definition
retromandibular vein
Term
What will the inferior ophthalmic vein drain into?
Definition
the pterygoid venous plexus and the cavernous dural venous sinus
Term
What is the purpose of lymphatic capillaries?
Definition
remove excess plasma proteins from the interstitial space and prevent edema
Term
What characteristics of lymph capillaries were stressed in class?
Definition
they begin as blind ended sacs, have a greater lumenal diameter than blood capillaries, are more variable in lumenal diameter than blood capillaries and are more layered in plexus arrangements than blood capillaries.
Term
What parts of the body will the R lymphatic duct drain?
Definition
the right side of the head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall, as well as the right upper extremity, right lung, and convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver
Term
What is the location and the structural origin for the thoracic duct
Definition
L2 from the cisterna chyli
Term
What are examples of aggregate lymph nodules
Definition
the tonsils and Peyer's patches of the small intestine
Term
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Definition
they primarily filter lymph but are also involved in lymphocytopoiesis and they do participate in the immune response
Term
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
Definition
uncinate proccess, unciform process, uncovertebral process, lateral lip, or uncus
Term
What joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Definition
anterior groove
posterior groove
R uncinate process
L uncinate process
spongy bone
anterior lip
posterior lip
R lateral groove
L lateral groove
spongy bone
Term
Which arteries were stressed in class as being segmental to the vertebral column (supplying the segments or vertebrae of the vertebral collumn)?
Definition

vertebral

ascending cervical

deep cervical

highest (superior) intercostal

posterior intercostal

subcostal

lumbar

iliolumbar

lateral sacral

median (middle) sacral arteries

Term
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
Definition
The Longus Colli Muscle
Term
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of the typical cervical?
Definition
posterolateral, 45 degrees
Term
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the lamina attachment site will result in what feature?
Definition
para-articular processes
Term
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebrae transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.
Definition
Costal element
anterior tubercle
costotransverse bar
posterior tubercle
true transverse process
Term
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebrae?
Definition
anterior scalene
longus capitis
longus colli
anterior intertransversarii
Term
What muscles will attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebrae?
Definition
splenius cervicis
iliocostalis cervicis
longissimus cervicis
levator scapula
middle scalene
posterior scalene
rotators
posterior intertransversarii
Term
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
Definition
vertebral artery
vertebral venous plexus
postganglionic sympathetic mottor nerve fibers
Term
What is the classic angulation of typical vervical articular facets?
Definition
40-45 degrees from the coronal plane
Term
what musscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
Definition
longissimus capitis
longissimus cervicis
semispinalis capitis
semispinalis cervicis
multifidis
rotators
Term
What muscles blend with the capsular ligamment of cervical zygapophyses?
Definition
the semispinalis capitis
multifidis
rotator longus
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