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Specific Host Defenses 1
Text Five
107
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
04/01/2013

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Term
Define immunology
Definition
the study of the immune system and immune responses
Term
What is immunity?
Definition
resistance to infection
Term
What are the 2 primary functions of the immune system?
Definition
- Identify self versus non self
- Destroy non-self
Term
What are antigens?
Definition
molecules that stimulate the immune system to product antibodies
Term
What is an antibody?
Definition
proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen
Term
What is Humoral immunity?
Definition
it involves the production of antibodies in response to antigens (protects against pathogens)
Term
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
involves various cell types with antibodies only playing a minor roll
Term
What is acquired immunity?
Definition
immunity that results from the active production or recipient of production
Term
Two areas of active acquired immunity and the definitions
Definition
Natural - exposed to antigen and your body has an immune response to it
Artificial - injected with something that articificially makes an immune response (vaccines)
Term
Passive acquired immunity: two of them and definitions
Definition
Natural: occur naturally; maternal antibodies
Artificial: sera, gamma globulin - injected with gamma globulin (antibody made in an animal)
Term
What are protective antibodies?
Definition
antibodies that protect us from infection or reinjection
Term
TF all antibodies are effective at protecting
Definition
False
Term
What are the two branches of the immune system?
Definition
Humoral
Cell-mediated
Term
What is humoral immunity
Definition
antibodies that work outside the cell: always involves the production of antibodies.
Antibodies remain in blood plasma, lymph and protect against the pathogen that stimulated them
Term
What is cell-mediated immunity
Definition
virus living inside the cell where antibodies can't attach to it.
It involves macrophages, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity T cells, NK cells, killer cells and granulocytes
Term
TF antibodies play a big role in cell mediated immunity
Definition
F
Term
Define antibody
Definition
glycoprotein produced by plasma B cells via stimulus from antigens
Term
What is an immunoglobulin
Definition
(antibody) globular like protein involved in the immune response
Term
What is the structure of an antibody?
Definition
two heavy and two light chains
Term
Where does the antibody have specific things for identification?
Definition
Variable regions
Term
How many antigen binding sites do antibodies have?
Definition
2
Term
What are monoclonial antibodies?
Definition
purified antibodies made in lab for a single antigen.
Term
What are monoclonial antibodies made from?
Definition
hybridoma (hybrid of plasma cell and tumor cell)
Term
antibody classes: IgA
Definition
monomer or dimer, 10-20%: saliva, tears, colostrum, breast milk, mucous
Term
antibody classes: IgD
Definition
found on surface of B cells. Function is unclear, maybe an antigen receptor?
Term
antibody classes: IgE
Definition
Allergic responses on surface of basophils or mast cells
Term
antibody classes: IgG
Definition
Most abundant (naturally acquired)
- only class that can cross placenta
- Long lived
- activate complement
- bind cellular receptors
Term
antibody classes: IgM
Definition
pentamer (10%): high binding capacity
- first antibodies made during primary response
- bind 10 antigens each
- short-lived
Term
Define antigen
Definition
any foreign substance able to stimulate antibody production
Term
What does antigenic mean?
Definition
substances are capable of producing antibodies
Term
What does immunogenic mean?
Definition
generate antibodies that help to keep you healthy
Term
Antigenic determinants (AKA and definition)
Definition
epitopes: molecules on surface of antigen that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies
Term
Haptens
Definition
act as antigens only if they are coupled with large carrier molecules (they are too small to work on their own)
Term
What is the primary response?
Definition
initial response to an antigen
Term
What happens during the primary response?
Definition
plasma cells multiply, and some become memory cells or plasma cells
Term
What is the secondary response?
Definition
the increased production of antibodies after the second exposure to the antigen
Term
What are the antibody producing cells?
Definition
B cells
Term
What cells are involved in humoral immunity
Definition
B cells --> plasma cells, T helper cells, memory cells
Term
Agammaglobulinemia
Definition
failure to produce antibody in response to antigen
Term
hypogammaglobulinemia
Definition
low levels of antibody production (have B cells that don't work)
Term
How do antibodies protect us? 5
Definition
prevent attachment, neutralize toxins/viruses, opsonize (candy coat for phagocytosis), activate complement system, Activate NK cells
Term
What are the 3 locations of immune responses?
Definition
spleen, lumph nodes, tonsils/adenoids
Term
What are the cells of the immune system?
Definition
T cells (T helper/ T cytotoxic), B cells (plasma and memory), NK cells, macrophages
Term
What are vaccines
Definition
materials that artificially induce immunity to a pathogen
Term
How can vaccines be delivered?
Definition
injected or ingested
Term
What two things do vaccines produce?
Definition
protective antibodies and memory cells
Term
What 4 qualities does the ideal vaccine contain?
Definition
contains enough antigens to yield protective antibodies, covers all strains, few/no side effects, does not cause disease
Term
Types of vaccines: Live Attenuated
Definition
live organism is weakened, mutant, avirulent
Term
Examples of live attenuated vaccines
Definition
varicells, measles, mumps, polio, BCG, cholera
Term
Types of vaccines: inactivated
Definition
organism is killed by heat or chemicals, not as good as live
Term
Examples of inactivated vaccine
Definition
HepA, influenza, viral encephalitis, anthrax
Term
Types of vaccines: subunit
Definition
a cellular, antigenic portion of pathogen (use the purified protein)
Term
examples of subunit vaccines
Definition
HepB, lyme disease, pertussis
Term
Types of vaccines: conjugate
Definition
attach capsule antigens to a carrier protein (to get a good antibody response)
Term
Examples of conjugate vaccines
Definition
Hib, meningococcal, pneumococcal
Term
Types of vaccines: Toxoid
Definition
inactivated bacterial toxin (for bugs that are more driven by the toxin)
Term
Examples of toxoid vaccine
Definition
diphtheria, tetanus
Term
Types of vaccines: DNA
Definition
plasmid with pathogen gene: experimental
Term
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
controls infections of intracellular pathogens
Term
What are the interactions of cell mediated immunity between?
Definition
between many types of cells and cytokines
Term
What do macrophages do?
Definition
engulf, kill, present antigen to T helper
Term
What do T helper cells do?
Definition
secrete cytokines, signal other cells (intermediate that call in reinforcement)
Term
What do effector cells do? What are 2 effector cells
Definition
kill infected cells
- T cytotoxic
- Natural Killer: they target cells, foreign/host cells infected with virus or tumor cells
Term
Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: macrophage
Definition
phagocytoses, digests pathogen. They then display pathogen antigen epitopes in MHC
Term
Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: TH cell
Definition
they bind to the antigen:MHC complex, producing cytokines
Term
Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: Cytokines
Definition
Recruit/activate effector cells
Term
Cell mediated immunity: response to infection: Effector cells
Definition
binds to target cell displaying same Ag:MHC, contents of effector cells are discharged, Toxins enter and kill infected target cell
Term
Left off on slide 15
Definition
Term
What is hypersensitivity
Definition
overly sensitive immune system
Term
What does hypersensitivity cause?
Definition
irritation or damage
Term
What cells does a hypersensitivity reaction involve?
Definition
Ag and T cells (SOMETIMES antibodies, depending on what antigen is present)
Term
Time frame for immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Definition
within minutes to 24 hours
Term
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Definition
>24 hours, cell mediated that takes longer to recruit cells
Term
Look at slide 16: type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Definition
n/a
Term
What happens in a type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition
IgE antibodies and release chemical mediators from mast cells and basophils.
Term
What is an alelrgen
Definition
antigen that cause sensitivity
Term
Allergic response: 1st exposure
Definition
sensitizes cells with IgE (antibody)
Term
Allergic response: 2nd exposure
Definition
allergen triggers degranulation
Term
Localized anaphylaxis is due to what cells?
Definition
mast cells (hay fever)
symptom depends on how it enters the body
Term
Systemic anaphylaxis is due to what cells?
Definition
basophils (drugs, insect bite). Anaphylactic shock results form the release of chemical mediators from basophils in the bloodstream
Term
Latex allergy
Definition
irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and latex allergy
Term
When is allergy skin testing considered positive?
Definition
if cutaneous anaphylaxis occurs
Term
What is the purpose of allergy shots? science-ie description
Definition
try to get IgG response before it gets to the IgE
Term
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Definition
cytotoxic reactions (body cells are destroyed) antibodies are recognizing own cells and working to kill them
Term
What is the process of type 2 hypersensitivity?
Definition
antigen (ie drug) binds to cell surface, antibody binds to the bound antigen, antibody binding initiated complement activation, complement cascade lyses cell.
Term
When doe type 2 hypersensitivity occur?
Definition
incompatible blood transfusions and Rh factor incompatability
Term
Type 3 hypersensitivities
Definition
immune complex reactions ( Ag+Ab+C)
Term
What are immune complexes the result of?
Definition
binding of an antibody with the antigen that stimulated its production
Term
Why are antigen-antibody complexes bad?
Definition
they can get stuck in kidneys and trigger complement activation and cause destruction to these tissues
Term
What can type 3 hypersensitivity cause
Definition
tissue damage, serum sickness, autoimmune disease, fever, rash, kidney malfunction, heart damage
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity
Definition
delayed type hypersensitivity
Term
What type of immune system mechanism does type 4 hypersensitivity work through?
Definition
cell-mediated reaction
Term
What are 2 examples of type 4
Definition
tuberculin, fungal skin tests
Term
Transplant rejection occurs in what hypersensitivity?
Definition
4
Term
What is the process of type 4?
Definition
- influx of PNMs within 2-3 hours of injection
- PNMs disperse; followed by lymphocytes and macrophages
- Area becomes red w/in 12-18 hours
- Erythema (redness) peaks between 24-48 hours
- With time, swelling/redness disappear
Term
What happens in an autoimmune disease?
Definition
immune system fails to recognize self and attacks body tissue as if it were foreign
Term
What can cause autoimmune diseases? 2
Definition
tissue not exposed to immune system during fetal development or your own cells are altered by drugs or viruses.
Term
What are autoimmune diseases a result of?
Definition
type 2 3 4 hypersensitivity
Term
Ex of organ specific autoimmune disease
Definition
diabetes
Term
Non-organ specific autoimmune diseases
Definition
affect skin, kidneys, joints, myasthenia gravis, SLE, RA (antibodies are floating around and deposit wherever blood takes them)
Term
What are the causes of immunosuppression?
Definition
malnutrition, acquired immunodeficiencies, inherited immunodeficiencies
Term
what are acquired immunodeciciencies
Definition
drugs, irradiation, HIV
Term
What are inherited immunodeciciencies
Definition
lack of antibody, complement, phagocytic or NK function, chronic granulomatous disease, SCID, DiGeorge syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Term
What is DiGeorge syndrome
Definition
no thymus, parathyroid
Term
What is Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Definition
no B/T cells, monocytes and platelets
Term
What can detection of antibodies tell you?
Definition
indicate present or past infection or vaccination
Term
What antibody do you test for?
Definition
IgM: you look at acute serum and convalescent serum. then you look for antigens
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