Shared Flashcard Set

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Special Aspects of Perinatal, Pediatric and Geriatric Pharm
N/A
20
Pharmacology
Graduate
01/27/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Teratogens
Definition
ACE inhibitors, cyclophosphamide, ethanol, heroin, isotretinoin, mycofenolate mofetil, tetracycline, thalidomide and warfarin 
Term
iPLEDGE program is used for 
Definition

Isotretinoin (accutane)

Category X teratogen

Term
Category a teratogen
Definition
A: Controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate risk to fetus in first trimester (and there is no known risk later in pregnancy), and the possibility of fetal harm appears remote. 
Term
Category B teratogen
Definition
Either animal reproductive studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk, but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women, or the animal studies show an adverse effect (other than decreased fertility) that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the first trimester (no risk in later trimesters)
Term
Category C Teratogen
Definition

Either studies in animals have revealed effects on the fetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available.

Drugs should be given only if potential benefit justifies the risk to the fetus. 

Term
Category D teratogen
Definition
There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk (if the drug is needed in a life-threatening situation or for a serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective).
Term
Category X teratogen
Definition
Studies in animals and humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience or both, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. 
Term
Physiological differences in infants
Definition

Increased or decreased bioavailability (gastric emptying, secretion of acids and peristalsis are slower at time of birth)

Differences in distribution related to higher body water content. 

Slower elimination of drugs due to lower levels of CYP450

Lower GFR-->Lower renal clearance

 

Term
Indomethacin
Definition
NSAID that inhibits PG synthesis and is used to close hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus. 
Term
Prostaglandin E2
Definition
Used to maintain patency of ductus arteriosus in infants with congenital heart defects.
Term
Drugs that are excreted in breast milk and their side effects. 
Definition

Chloral hydrate: drowsiness

Chloramphenicol:BM suppression

Diazepam: sedation and long half life

Heroin: neonatal dependance

Codeine: may be toxic to kid if mother is a fast metabolizer of codeine-->morphine. Killed a kid. 

Term
Pharmacokinetic differences in elderly
Definition

Increased half life due to decreased GFR (in 2/3 of individuals over 75)

Decreased hepatic metabolism: Phase I decreased more than Phase II

Altered distribution due to decreased total body water and increased body fat.

Term
Pharmacodynamic changes in elderly
Definition
Decreased beta receptors
Term
Denepezil
Definition
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat alzheimer's by increasing choline levels. 
Term
Memantine
Definition
NMDA receptor antagonist used to treat alzheimer's by decreasing NMDA receptor stimulation and the the release of glutamate. 
Term
Ranibizumab
Definition
Monoclonal antibody fragment that binds VEGF. Used to treat macular degeneration. 
Term
Pegaptanib
Definition
pegylated oligonucleotide that binds VEGF to treat macular degeneration
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