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Details Title: SPCM 277 Description: Test 1 Total Flash Cards: 55 Created: 10/08/2007 08:04:20	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term • channels Definition medium used to convey message Term • messages Definition content; concept, information Term • audience Definition few, potential to be many, who receives the messages anyone who has the ability to receive the message Term • senders Definition few people Audience gives feedback by ignoring/applauding message Term • direct exposure Definition directly got the message (YOU got it) o access to medium (pick up newspaper, no time at breakfast to read) o medium activation (radio/TV just “on” for background noise) o sensory stimulation (just watching) o attention to medium (watching and paying attention to message)  1 year old (10%), 3 year old (50%), 13/14 year old (80%) o reason for exposure Term • indirect exposure Definition received through someone else Term EPS Cycle Definition a model of media development E – Elite (affluent, educated, top of pyramid) P – Popular (whole pyramid) Content (of interest and accessible to all of pyramid) o S – Specialized (pyramid broken into chunks and outlet going for a chunk) Term Partisan Penny yellow Objective interpretative literary Multimedia Definition Newspapers Term Partisan press era Definition : elite audiences, elite-focused content, partisan emphasis o Publishers and readers part of elite social class o Content focused on business and political news o Content reflected values, goals and opinions of the publishers (newspapers aligned with political parties) o Early papers tended to borrow from British papers Term Penny press era Definition mass audiences, characteristics of content, inverted pyramid, less partisan content • Content o Mass audience added to readership  Industrialization leads to: urban concentrations, disposable income, rising literacy rate  Paper price drops (down to a penny; cheap because of ads)  New papers adopt a human-interest orientation o Advertising becomes primary revenue source (advertiser is primary customer) o “inverted pyramid” style born (most important details in beginning so if line gets cut, story still gets across and writer gets paid; cut lengthy stories from the bottom) o content becomes slightly less partisan o alternative papers serve special audiences Term • wire Definition group of newspapers who hire a journalist who get a story and all of the newspapers would share it (ex. AP- Associated Press objective) Term Yellow journalism era Definition characteristics of content, birth of watchdog role • Content o Increased competition between newspapers (as a result of civil war) o Content sensationalistic and occasionally untrue o Birth of “watchdog journalism” (investigative journalism “best journalism there is”)  Ex. Exposing corruption, exploitation, stories that expose bad things, “muckrakes” Term Objective journalism era Definition reaction to previous era, characteristics of content • Content o Adoption of objective as a reaction to Yellow Journalism  Professionalization of journalists (got disgusted by yellow journalists)  Regulation: government threatened regulation  Audience dissatisfaction: only so much of the sensationalist  WWI was a very important turning point o Elements of objective journalism  NYT becomes “newspaper of record”  Aimed at serious news readers  Stories are in “objective” form o Forms of Objective stories (does not guarantee neutral stories, but increases likelihood that you’ll get a neutral story)  Collection of facts rather than stories  Use of inverted pyramid  Removal of reporter from story  Two sides of every story  Reliance on sources for “truth” Term Interpretive journalism era Definition • Content o Explains why and so what o Minor reaction to previous styles: reaction to fragmented style of objective o An attempt to inject some explanation, context, background into the news often journalists report based on their background and opinion, not sources necessarily o See it on opinion pages and in “analysis” articles Term Literary journalism era Definition reaction to threats and previous eras, characteristics of content • Content • essentially are just stories • reaction to dominant news style o make it more involving and human o hold on to readers leaving newspapers for TV • storytelling; emphasis on narrative and character • interpreting what major players thought or said Term Multimedia journalism era Definition reaction to threats, similarities to television; characteristics of style • Content o Television in newspaper format  Eye-catching graphics  Short articles that rarely jump pages o Blurring line between entertainment and news  TV = entertainment; newspapers = real news o Experimenting with new format and styles Term Newspapers today: legacies of the phases Definition partisan penny yellow objective interpretative literary multimedia Term • Partisan Definition o Editorials o Partisan outlets Term • Penny Press Definition o Mass audience orientation o Low cost o Inverted pyramid Term • Yellow Journalism Definition o Watch-dog press o sensationalism Term • Objective Journalism Definition o Primary style of today Term • Interpretive Definition o Opinion columns o News analyses Term • Literary Journalism Definition o Feature stories Term • Multimedia Journalism (Post-Modern Definition o Expanded focus o Color and graphics Term Conclusions on newspaper Definition • Newspaper industry and EPS cycle and subscription rates • All newspapers are stuck in the popular stage of EPS cycle • But, newspapers are staying alive because of advertising • Some newspapers are creating specialized editions Term Narrative Story Structure for Advertising Definition setting, plot, characters, etc. Term Binary opposition Definition Term History of the Internet Definition • Development of large computers at academic institutions, corporations and government (primarily for defense applications) • Advanced Research Projects Agency starts network called ARPAnet to try and cut down computing time, increase efficiency, come up with a language they could all share so could researchers • Corporations and universities start own networks • Interneting project internet = network that connects networks • Development of other meta-networks • World wide web developed • Mosaic developed; allowed people to see the links over the internet, first web browser Public funding had been the norm University Government Corporations Access had been free Public funding is on the decline Term Funding of the Internet Definition Website fundings now hardware/machines, distributor, and retailers Internet service providers Website advertising network traffic carriers website subscriptions Term • Binary opposition Definition Man vs. man, technology, society product usually helps solve problem Term • Propaganda devices Definition Slogans Name calling Glittering generalities Card stacking Transfer Testimonial Plain folks Bandwagon Term Slogans Definition short phrase that gets associated with something • Has to say something good about the product, service, candidate • Short and memorable “Have it your way” (Burger King) Term • Name calling Definition calling the competitor some “bad” news America’s #1 brand is Kellogg’s…. Better than the other guys Term • Glittering generalities Definition things that sound nice, but don’t really say anything about the product smells like a meadow Term • Card stacking Definition providing evidence to support some argument, but one-sided evidence Trident: 4/5 dentists…..Dyson “After testing 5,000 prototypes… Term • Transfer Definition evoking some (usually positive) feeling and tying it to the product Quaker Oatmeal cute little girl (welch’s juice) Term • Testimonial Definition someone saying this product is great (famous, expert, credible opinion) Endorsements, Drs. For weight loss systems Term • Plain folks Definition showing the maker of the product as regular people like the audience Insight CEO going door to door; cereal companies Term • Bandwagon Definition everyone’s doing it Term Ways government can regulate speech: Definition • Laws • Agency regulations • Pressure/threats • Court decisions Term Laws • Definition • Passed by some government body Term • Agency regulations Definition • Ex. FCC; have executive, judiciary, legislative powers force of laws Term • Court decisions Definition • Regarding a law or regulation their decisions define how laws/regulations should be practiced • Courts define how laws really work Term • Pressure/threats Definition • Most important way government regulates speech • If you don’t think of something yourself, we’ll do it and you won’t like it. Ex. Alcohol and tobacco industry Term General principles of regulation: Definition • Obscenity Libel Invasion of privacy • Sedition Term • Sedition Definition • Threat to public welfare or government (yell “fire” in a crowd) Term • Libel Definition (Dispute between two people/groups (civil dispute, not government issues)) • Defamation: harmed by that message • Identification: specific identification • Publication: distribution by some large medium • Negligence: information was wrong and source should’ve known not to say • Damage: prove that you were hurt Ex. Larry Flint saying a Congressman slept with a prostitute (reputation went down, IDed, wrote an article, proved wrong, significantly lower votes) Term • Invasion of privacy Definition • Can’t invade individual’s privacy (home, space surrounding person, etc.) Term • Indecency test or Obscenity Definition • A test: • Obscene according to contemporary community • Patently offensive • Lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value Term Film Regulation History and current status Definition • Problem: motion films threaten to destroy the moral fabric of society • Solution: censorship, Supreme Court rulings, industry engages in self-imposed regulations Term MPAA film rating system Definition • Initial: G, M, R and X (m = mature) • PG-13 added in 1984 as a midpoint between PG & R • The X rating was not copyrighted and was picked up by the pornography industry; MPAA ceased use • NC-17 in 1990 unpopular because thought to limit box-office success Consider tensions between protection and censorship; ratings systems and revenue Term Nielsen Television Rating System Definition • National people meter: box that keeps a record of all TV viewing • Consider levels of exposure • Local: 56 of largest markets, samples of households have station use recorded and complete viewing diaries • Subject to human error • Sweeps: in Nov, Feb, May, July where 210 TV markets fill out media diaries • Are all groups being represented? • Ratings: percentage of all TV households who watch a particular program • Share: percentage of all TV households who actually have their TV on (denominator) and tuned to particular program (numerator) • Advertisers more concerned with share Term Public Broadcasting System Definition • Founded for instructional, educational and cultural purposes • Provides programming to almost 350 noncommercial stations in the US • 99% of Americans have access to PBS • Plays a key role in providing programs for children Term Product Placement Definition • May or may not be disclosed unless audience notices • De Beers Diamond Co (diamonds in convo in movies), .44 magnum in Dirty Harry, RayBans in Risky Business, Reese’s Pieces in E.T. • Advertisers pay big money to appear in movies • Ads upstage the characters • Coca Cola wrote entire scenes about Coke in Columbia Pictures • Advertisers colonize space AND time • Wayne’s World and Truman Show have mock placement • Priming: when we’re exposed to stimulus in environment that stimulus becomes more available in our mind Term Levels of Media Exposure Definition Direct and indirect -Direct --access to medium (access to TV) --medium activation (Actually turning on TV) --sensory stimulation (eyes and ears know its on) --attention to medium (actually paying attention to message) --motivation (wanting to know information