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SP 7C-RG: Sensory Systems
SP 7C-RG: Sensory Systems Notecards
149
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
11/15/2012

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Term
What is the pathway for a simple neural reflex?
Definition
1) Sensory input
2) Integration
3) Output
4) Response
Term
What is the pathway for a physiological or behavioral response?
Definition
1) Sensory system (reflex)
2) Behavioral state system OR cognitive system (voluntary)
3) CNS
4) Motor system
5) Physiological response or behavior
Term
What are the six exteroceptive senses?
Definition
1) Sight
2) Taste
3) Smell
4) Touch
5) Hearing
6) Balance
Term
What are the introceptive senses?
Definition
1) Pain
2) Movement of internal organs
Term
__________ is the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body.
Definition
1) Proprioception
Term
What is proprioception?
Definition
1) The sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body
Term
The brain communicates with the body through twelve pairs of __________ nerves and the spinal cord.
__________ of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves that control hearing, eye movement, facial sensations, taste, swallowing, and movement of the face, neck, should, and tongue muscles originate in the __________.
The cranial nerves for smell and vision originate in the __________.
Definition
1) Cranial
2) Ten
3) Brainstem
4) Cerebrum
Term
What is the name of the first cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Olfactory
2) Smell
Term
What is the name of the second cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Optic
2) Sight
Term
What is the name of the third cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Oculomotor
2) Eye movement; pupil
Term
What is the name of the fourth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Trochlear
2) Eye movement
Term
What is the name of the fifth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Trigeminal
2) Face sensation
Term
What is the name of the sixth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Abducens
2) Eye movement
Term
What is the name of the seventh cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Facial
2) Moves face; salivate
Term
What is the name of the eighth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Vestibulocochlear
2) Hearing; balance
Term
What is the name of the ninth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Glossopharyngeal
2) Taste; swallow
Term
What is the name of the tenth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Vagus
2) Heart rate; TGI; motility
Term
What is the name of the eleventh cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Accessory
2) Head movement
Term
What is the name of the twelveth cranial nerve? What is it's function?
Definition
1) Hypoglossal
2) Tongue movement
Term
What are the two types of sensory systems?
Definition
1) Conscious
2) Subconscious
Term
The special senses belongs to what sensory system?
Definition
1) Conscious
Term
The somatic senses belongs to what sensory system?
Definition
1) Conscious
Term
The visceral stimuli belong to what sensory system?
Definition
1) Subconscious
Term
The somatic stimuli belong to what sensory system?
Definition
1) Subconscious
Term
What do the special senses consist of?
Definition
1) Vision
2) Hearing
3) Taste
4) Smell
5) Equilibrium
Term
What do the somatic senses consist of?
Definition
1) Touch / pressure
2) Temperature
3) Pain
4) Proprioception
Term
What do the visceral stimuli consist of?
Definition
1) Blood pressure
2) pH / oxygen content in blood
3) pH of cerebrospinal fluid
4) Lung inflation
5) Osmolarity of body fluids
6) Blood glucose
Term
What do the somatic stimuli consist of?
Definition
1) Muscle length and tension
Term
All sensory pathways begin with a __________, which act on __________ __________, which convert the stimulus in __________ __________, which are transmitted by sensory neurons to the __________, where they are integrated.
Definition
1) Stimulus
2) Sensory receptors
3) Neural signals
4) Brain
Term
What are the five sensory receptors?
Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Mechanoreceptors
3) Photoreceptors
4) Thermoreceptors
5) Nocireceptors
Term
What do chemoreceptors detect?
Definition
1) pH
2) O2
3) organic molecules
Term
What do mechanoreceptors detect?
Definition
1) Vibration
2) Acceleration
3) Sound
Term
Photoreceptors detect __________.
Definition
1) Light
Term
Thermoreceptors detect __________.
Definition
1) Temperature
Term
Nocireceptors detect __________ __________ (pain).
Definition
1) Tissue damage
Term
The specificity of a receptor for a particular type of stimulus is called the law of specific nerve energies (__________ __________).
Definition
1) Muller's Law
Term
__________ __________ occur mainly in glabrous or non-hairy skin and are sensitive to touch; they are the peripheral endings of sensory neurons
Definition
1) Meissner corpuscles
Term
What are Meissner corpuscles?
Definition
1) The peripheral endings of sensory neurons, they occur mainly in glabrous or non-hairy skin.
Term
__________ __________ are pressure receptors that respond very well to things like vibration.
Definition
1) Pacinian corpuscles
Term
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
Definition
1) Pressure receptors which respond very well to stimuli such as vibrations
Term
__________ __________ are fusiform in shape and located in the fleshy part of a skeletal muscle in parallel with the extrafusal muscle fibers.
Definition
1) Muscle spindles
Term
__________ __________ __________ are located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle and provide the sensory component of the tendon reflex.
Definition
1) Golgi tendon organ
Term
What somatosensory receptors are sensitive to touch and are found in glabrous or non-hairy skin?
Definition
1) Meissner corpuscles
Term
What somatosensory receptors respond very well to vibration?
Definition
1) Pacinian corpuscles
Term
What somatosensory receptors are sensitive to the lengthening or stretch of the muscle?
Definition
1) Muscle spindles
Term
What somatosensory receptors provide the sensory component of the tendon reflex?
Definition
1) Golgi tendon organ
Term
__________ is another term that is often used interchangeable with proprioception, though use of the term "kinesthesia" can place a greater emphasis on motion.
Definition
1) Kinesthesia
Term
Receptors may adapt __________ or __________ to sustained stimulation.
Definition
1) Slowly
2) Rapidly
Term
__________ receptors do not adapt at all or adapt very slowly.
Definition
1) Tonic
Term
What type of receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?
Definition
1) Tonic
Term
__________ receptors are rapidly adapting receptors which cease responding to maintained stimuli
Definition
1) Phasic
Term
What receptors rapidly adapt and cease responding to maintained stimuli after a while?
Definition
1) Phasic
Term
What receptor is important to signal a change in stimulus intensity rather than relay status quo information?
Definition
1) Phasic
Term
__________ __________ are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus.
Definition
1) Tonic receptors
Term
__________ __________ rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off.
Definition
1) Phasic receptors
Term
What are the steps in transduction?
Definition
1) In sensory receptors that are separate cells, stimulus opens stimulus-sensitive channels, permitting the net Na+ entry that produces a receptor potential
2) This local depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3) Ca2+ entry triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter
4) Neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated receptor-channels at afferent ending, permitting net Na+ entry
5) Resultant depolarization opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in adjacent region
6) Na+ entry initiates action potential in afferent fiber that sell-propagates to CNS
Term
What four stimulus properties must the brain discern between for an accurate neural representation of sensory stimuli?
Definition
1) Stimulus modality
2) Stimulus location
3) Stimulus intensity
4) Stimulus duration
Term
Each sensory receptor is most sensitive to stimulation of a specific area, which defines the receptor's __________ __________.
Definition
1) Receptor field
Term
The direct association between a receptor and a sensation is called the __________ __________ __________.
Definition
1) Labeled line coding
Term
What is the labeled line coding?
Definition
1) The direct association between a receptor and a sensation
Term
__________ and __________ information is the exception to the topographical localization rule.
Foe these sensory modalities, the brain uses the __________ __________ in receptor activation to compute the source location of sounds or odors.
Definition
1) Auditory
2) Olfactory
3) Timing difference
Term
__________ __________ enhances contrast and makes a stimulus easier to perceive.
Definition
1) Lateral inhibition
Term
What is the pathway from a stimulus to the enhanced perception of a stimulus?
Definition
1) Stimulus
2) Primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength
3) Pathway closest to the stimulus inhibits neighbors
4) Inhibition of lateral neurons enhances perception of stimulus
Term
What is stimulus intensity coded by?
Definition
1) The number of receptors activated
2) The frequency of action potentials
Term
What does population coding mediate?
Definition
1) The number of receptors activated
Term
What does frequency coding mediate?
Definition
1) The frequency of action potentials
Term
Stimulus duration can be coded by the __________ __________ duration, but not many sensory receptors can sustain their responses.
Definition
1) Spike train
Term
The neural code best reflects the change in __________, not the steady state.
Definition
1) Stimulation
Term
__________ refers to discriminative ability.
Is influenced by receptive field size and lateral inhibition
Definition
1) Acuity
Term
What is acuity?
Definition
1) Refers to discriminative ability
Term
What is acuity influenced by?
Definition
1) Receptive field size
2) Lateral inhibition
Term
What is the diameter for alpha motor fibers? The conduction velocity? What muscle fibers are they associated with?
Definition
1) 13-20 micrometers
2) 80-120 m/s
3) Extrafusal muscle fibers
Term
What is the diameter of gamma motor fibers? The conduction velocity? What muscle fibers are they associated with?
Definition
1) 5-8 micrometers
2) 4-24 m/s
3) Intrafusal muscle fibers
Term
What is the diameter of type 1a sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with?
Definition
1) 13-20 micrometers
2) Yes
3) 80-120 m/s
4) Primary receptors of the muscle spindle
Term
What is the diameter of type 1b sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with?
Definition
1) 13-20 micrometers
2) Yes
3) 80-120 m/s
4) Golgi tendon organ
Term
What is the diameter of type II sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with?
Definition
1) 6-12 micrometers
2) Yes
3) 33-75 m/s
4) Secondary receptors of muscle spindles; all cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Term
What is the diameter of type III sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with?
Definition
1) 1-5 micrometers
2) Thin
3) 3-30 m/s
4) Free nerve endings of touch and pressure; nociceptors of neospinothalamic tract; cold thermoreceptors
Term
What is the diameter of type IV sensory fibers? Is there myelin involved? What is the conduction velocity? What sensory receptors is it associated with?
Definition
1) 0.2-1.5 micrometers
2) No
3) 0.5-2.0 m/s
4) Nociceptors of paleospinothalmic tract; warmth receptors
Term
__________ __________ are pathways conveying conscious somatic sensation.
Definition
1) Somatosensory pathways
Term
Somatosensory pathwats consist of chains of neurons, or __________ __________, which are synaptically interconnected in particular sequence to accomplish the processing of sensory information
Definition
1) Labeled lines
Term
A __________-__________ __________ __________ is an afferent neuron with its peripheral receptor that first detects the stimulus and synapses with the second-order neuron.
Definition
1) First-order sensory neuron
Term
A __________-__________ __________ __________ can be found in either the spinal cord or medulla and synapses with the third-order neuron.
Definition
1) Second-order sensory neuron
Term
The __________-__________ __________ __________ is located in the thalamus.
Definition
1) Third-order sensory neuron
Term
Which order of sensory neuron first detects the stimulus?
Definition
1) First
Term
Which order of sensory neuron can be found in either the spinal cord or medulla?
Definition
1) Second
Term
Which order of sensory neuron is located in the thalamus?
Definition
1) Third
Term
__________ is the conscious interpretation of the external world derived from sensory input.
Definition
1) Perception
Term
What is perception?
Definition
1) The conscious interpretation of the external world derived from sensory input
Term
__________ is derived from a pattern of nerve impulses delivered to the brain.
Definition
1) Perception
Term
Why does sensory input not give a true reality of perception?
Definition
1) Humans have receptors that detect only a limited number of existing energy forms
2) Information channels in our brains are not high-fidelity recorders
3) Cerebral cortex further manipulates the data
Term
__________ is primarily a protective mechanism meant to bring a conscious awareness that tissue damage is occurring or is about to occur.
Definition
1) Pain
Term
What is pain?
Definition
1) A protective mechanism meant to bring a conscious awareness that tissue damage is occurring or is about to occur
Term
True or False: Storage of painful experiences in our memory helps us avoid potentially harmful events in the future.
Definition
1) True
Term
Stimulation of __________ elicits perception of pain.
Definition
1) Nociceptors
Term
What is the sensation of pain accompanied by?
Definition
1) Motivated behavioral responses
2) Emotional reactions
Term
__________ __________ can be influenced by other past or present experiences.
Definition
1) Subjective perception
Term
The presence of __________ (lower nociceptors threshold for activation) greatly enhances receptor response to noxious stimuli.
Definition
1) Prostaglandins
Term
What is the role of prostaglandins?
Definition
1) Lower nociceptors threshold for activation
Term
__________ do not adapt to sustained or repetitive stimulation.
Definition
1) Nociceptors
Term
What are the three categories of nociceptors?
Definition
1) Mechanical
2) Thermal
3) Polymodal
Term
__________ __________ respond to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching.
Definition
1) Mechanical nociceptors
Term
What is the role of mechanical nociceptors?
Definition
1) Respond to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or pinching
Term
__________ __________ respond to temperature extremes.
Definition
1) Thermal nociceptors
Term
What is the role of thermal nociceptors?
Definition
1) Respond to temperature extremes
Term
__________ __________ respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli and release chemicals from injured tissues.
Definition
1) Polymodal nociceptors
Term
What is the role of polymodal nociceptors?
Definition
1) Respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli
Term
What type of pain occurs on stimulation of mechanical and thermal nociceptors?
Definition
1) Fast pain
Term
What type of pain is carried by small, myelinated A-delta fibers?
Definition
1) Fast pain
Term
What type of pain produces a sharp, prickling sensation?
Definition
1) Fast pain
Term
What type of pain is easily localized?
Definition
1) Fast pain
Term
What type of pain occurs first?
Definition
1) Fast pain
Term
What type of pain occurs in stimulation of polymodal nociceptors?
Definition
1) Slow pain
Term
What type of pain is carried by small, unmyelinated C fibers?
Definition
1) Slow pain
Term
What type of pain produces dull, aching, burning sensations?
Definition
1) Slow pain
Term
What type of pain is poorly localized?
Definition
1) Slow pain
Term
What type of pain occurs second and persists for a longer time, and is more unpleasant?
Definition
1) Slow pain
Term
What are the two best known pain neurotransmitters?
Definition
1) Substance P
2) Glutamate
Term
__________ __________ is a neurotransmitter that activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher levels for further processing.
Definition
1) Substance P
Term
What neurotransmitter activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive signals to higher level for further processing?
Definition
1) Substance P
Term
GABA is a neurotransmitter which bonds __________ and __________ resulting in the generation of action potentials which transmit pain message to higher centers.
Definition
1) AMPA
2) NMDA
Term
What major excitatory neurotransmitter binds AMPA and NMDA resulting in the generation of action potentials, which transmit pain messages to higher centers?
Definition
1) Glutamate
Term
The brain has a built in __________ __________.
Definition
1) Analgesic system
Term
The __________ __________ suppresses transmission in pain pathways as they enter the spinal cord.
Definition
1) Analgesic system
Term
What is the role of the analgesic system?
Definition
1) Suppresses transmission in pain pathways as they enter the spinal cord
Term
The analgesic system depends on the presence of __________ __________.
Definition
1) Opiate receptors
Term
What are three examples of endogenous opiates?
Definition
1) Endorphins
2) Enkephalins
3) Dynorphin opoid antagonists naloxone
Term
__________ is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose.
Definition
1) Naloxone
Term
What is the role of naloxone?
Definition
1) Drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose
Term
What is the pathway for the perception of sensation?
Definition
1) Pain, temperature, and coarse touch cross the midline in the spinal cord
2) Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception pathways cross the midline in the medulla
3) Sensory pathways synapse in the thalamus
4) Sensations are perceived in the primary somatic sensory cortex
Term
__________ proprioception is communicated by the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cerebrum.
Definition
1) Conscious
Term
__________ proprioception is communicated primarily via the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, to the cerebellum.
Definition
1) Unconscious
Term
What are the four types of receptors?
Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Mechanoreceptors
3) Thermoreceptors
4) Photoreceptors
Term
Each receptor type has an __________ __________, a particular form of energy to which it is most responsive.
Definition
1) Adequate stimulus
Term
A stimulus that is above __________ creates a graded potential in the receptor.
Definition
1) Threshold
Term
The __________ __________ is the level of stimulus intensity necessary for us to be aware of a particular sensation.
Definition
1) Perceptual threshold
Term
The __________ of a signal and its location are indicated by which sensory neurons are activated. The association of a receptor with a specific sensation is called __________ __________ __________.
Definition
1) Modality
2) Labeled line coding
Term
Stimulus intensity is coded by the __________ of receptors activated and the __________ of their action potentials.
Definition
1) Number
2) Frequency
Term
For __________ receptors, the sensory neuron fires action potentials as long as the receptor potential is above threshold.
Definition
1) Tonic
Term
__________ receptors respond to a change in stimulus intensity but adapt if the strength of the stimulus remains constant.
Definition
1) Phasic
Term
What are the four somatosensory modalities?
Definition
1) Touch
2) Proprioception
3) Temperature
4) Nociception
Term
__________ __________ __________ cross the midline so that one side of the brain processes information from the opposite side of the body.
Definition
1) Secondary sensory neurons
Term
Ascending sensory tracts terminate in the __________ __________.
Definition
1) Somatosensory cortex
Term
Temperature receptors detect __________ and __________.
Definition
1) Heat
2) Cold
Term
__________ are free nerve endings that respond to chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli; their activation is perceived as pain and itch.
Definition
1) Nociceptors
Term
Some responses to irritants, such as the withdrawal reflex, are protective __________ __________.
Definition
1) Spinal reflexes
Term
__________ __________ is transmitted rapidly by small, myelinated fibers.
Definition
1) Fast pain
Term
__________ __________ is carried by small, unmyelinated fibers.
Definition
1) Slow pain
Term
Pain may be modulated either by descending pathways from the brain or by __________ mechanisms in the spinal cord.
Definition
1) Gating
Term
__________ __________ from internal organs occurs when multiple primary sensory neurons converge onto a single ascending tract.
Definition
1) Referred pain
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