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Solutions
Honors chemistry level notes about solutions
42
Chemistry
10th Grade
12/02/2010

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Term
Aqueous Solution
Definition
solution in which atleast 1 substance is dissolved in water
Term
Solute
Definition
Substance that gets dissolved; present in smaller amount
Term
Solvent
Definition
substance that gets dissolved; present in the larger amount
Term
Solvation
Definition
When a solute particle is completely surrounded by solvent
Term
Solubility Rule
Definition

Like dissolves like

-polar+polar=yes

-nonpolar+nonpolar=yes

-polar+nonpolar=no

 

Term
Electrolytes
Definition
Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Term
Non-Electrolyte
Definition
Substances that don't conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Term
Concentration
Definition
Amount of substance in a given space
Term
Molarity
Definition

Unit of concentration

Moles of solute per liters of solution

mol/L

Term
% By Volume
Definition

(Volume of solute/volume of solution)x100%

 

Term
% by Mass
Definition
(Mass of solute/mass of solution)x100%
Term
Calibration Curve
Definition
A graph made from predetermined values used to figure out unknown values
Term
Soluble
Definition

The ability to dissolve

state:aqueous

Term
Insolube
Definition

Does not dissolve

state: solid

Term
Complete Ionic Equation
Definition
Write the chemical equation so any ionic compound in any solution is represented
Term
Net Ionic Equation
Definition
when you ONLY show the substances that are reacting or changing
Term
Spectator Ions
Definition

ions that appear in aqueous solutions on each side of the equation

Dont actually react (just present)

Term
Dilution
Definition
Decrease the proportion of Solute/solution
Term
Dilution Equation
Definition
M1V1 = M2V2
Term
Factors Affecting Solubility
Definition
Stirring, Solute/solvent composition, temperature, surface area of the dissolving particles
Term
Stirring
Definition
Increase rate because increasing speed and force that the particles hit. Harder hit allows solvent to impact and surround the solute easier.
Term
Temperature
Definition
Increasing temperature increasing the average kinetic energy of the particles hit harder and faster. easier for solvent to surround solute
Term
Survace area of the dissolving particles
Definition

Want a large SA of solute exposed to the solvent since dissolving refers to solvents ability to surround solute

smaller pieces increase SA since more faces are exposed

Term
Saturated Solution
Definition
A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at that temp.
Term
Unsaturated Solution
Definition
contains less solute than saturated solution
Term
Super Saturated Solution
Definition
Contains more solute than it theoretically should be able to
Term
Miscible
Definition
2 liquids completely dissolved in each other
Term
Immiscible
Definition
2 liquids do not dissolve in each other
Term
Colligative Properties
Definition
Depends on the number of particles (dissolved in soln) but NOT the type
Term
Freezing Point Depression
Definition
When solute is added to solvent, the freezing point of the soln will be lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
Solute DISRUPTS the ORDER-->need to take out more energy to freeze
Term
Boiling Point Elevation
Definition
When solute is added to solvent the BP of the solution will be higher than the BP of the pure solvent
Term
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Definition
The VP of a solvent will be lower if solute is added because less will vaporize and so less gas is available to leave and exert pressure
Term
FPD and BPE calcuations
Definition

▲TF=KF x molality x pieces

▲TB=KB x molality x pieces

Units for K= Degrees Celcius/molality

Term
Molality
Definition

Moles of solute/ kg solvent

another unit for concentration

Term
Henry's Law
Definition

At a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.

As P inc., S inc.

As temperature of a solution within a gas increases, solubility of a gas decreases

Term
Equation for Henry's Law
Definition
(S1/P1)=(S2/P2)
Term
Suspensions
Definition

Mixtures from which particles settle out upon standing

Different than solution because particles are much larger and DO NOT stay suspended over time

Term
Colloid
Definition

Heterogeneous mixtures with particles that range in size from 1 to 1000nm. Particles larger than those in solution but smaller then those in a suspension. Particles spread thoughout a dispersion medium

Tyndall effect

Term
Tyndall Effect
Definition

Scattering of Visible Light

Colloids do this

Term
Brownian Motion
Definition
collisions of material of molecules with dispersion medium with dispersed particles
Term
Emulsion
Definition
Colloidial dispersion of a liquid in a liquid
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