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SOCL 100 Exam 4
Ch. 13-16, 19
58
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/15/2008

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Term
Weber's three types of authority
Definition
1. Traditional - based on custom
2. Rational - based on written rules that are reasonable and part of law.
3. Charismatic - based on a single leader's ability to attract followers.
Term
Characterisitics of Nation-states
Definition
1. Sovereignty
2. Citizenship
3. Nationalism
Term
Citizenship rights
Definition
1. Civil Rights - rights of the individual in law.
2. Political Rights - rights to participate in gov't.
3. Social Rights - right of individuals to enjoy a minimum standard of economic welfare and security.
Term
Types/Forms of Gov't
Definition
1. Monarchies
2. Oligarchies
3. Dictatorships
4. Democracies
Term
Why have liberal Democracies spread so rapidly since 1989?
Definition
1. democracy is associated with capitalism which is seen as wealth-generating.
2. The more social activity becomes globalized, the more they start to push for info about how they are ruled.
Term
Voting patterns in the U.S.
Definition
1. Voter turn-out has declined since 1960's
2. It is highest among whites.
3. It is lowest among hispanics.
4. Older population is more likely to vote.
5. People feel that the winner-take-all system is discouraging.
6. Voting is not convenient.
Term
Who rules the U.S.?
according to democratic elitism
Definition
In large scale societies, democratic participation is necessarily limited to the regular election of political leaders.
Term
Who rules the U.S.?
according to pluralists
Definition
Individual citizens can have little or no direct influence on political decision making. But they argue that tendencies toward the centralization of power in the hands of gov't officials are limited by the presence of interest groups. Competing interest groups or factions are vital to democracy because they divide up power, reducing the exclusive influence of any one group or class.
Term
Who rules the U.S.?
according to the power elite theory
Definition
Due to the centralization of government, business, and the military, the leaders in power are few and often have the same interests and know each other on a personal basis. They are often white anglo-saxon protestants (WASPs).
Term
What are the theories on why social movements occur?
Definition
1. Economic Deprivation - when the balance of economic welfare is off, there is a struggle between classes.

2. Resource Mobilizatoin - an in depth analysis of economic deprivation, with four components of collective action
- Organization
- Mobilization
- Common Interests
- Opportunity

3. Fields of Action - explains that movements are more frequent today because modern society is now aware that movements can produce change, and that movements form from rational objectives.
Term
What are the four categories of social movements?
Definition
1. Alternative - target individuals, alter specific behaviors.
2. Redemptive - target individuals, change the whole person.
3. Reformative - Targets society as a whole, alters specific behaviors.
4. Transformative - Targets society as a whole, alters society as a whole (revolution).
Term
Why do people join social movements?
Definition
economic deprivation, no means of having voices heard, direct oppression from the state, structural strain
Term
Informal Economy
Definition
Economic transactions carried on outside of the sphere of orthodox paid employment.
Term
Division of Labor
Definition
The specialization of work tasks, by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system. All societies have at least some rudimentary from of division of labor, especially between the tasks allocated to men and those performed by women.
Term
Why is having a job important to people?
Definition
1. Money
2. Activity Level
3. Variety
4. Temporal Structure (a sense of time)
5. Social Contacts
6. Personal Identity
Term
Taylorism:
what is it?
What are its consequences?
Definition
A set of ideas, a.k.a "scientific management," involving simple, coorinated operations in industry. Focused on placing knowledge in the hands of management rather than the craft worker.
associated with the deskilling and degradation of labor.
Term
Fordism:
What is it?
What are its consequences?
Definition
the system of mass production tied to the cultivation of mass markets. Also a historical period in the development of post-World War II capitalism.
associated with stability in labor relations and a high degree of unionization.
Term
High Trust System
Definition
Organization or work setting in which individuals are permitted a great deal of autonomy and control over the work task.
Term
Low Trust System
Definition
Organizational or work settings in which people are allowed little responsibility for, or control over, the work task.
Term
Capitalism:
what are its features and criticisms?
Definition
1. Private ownership of the means of production
2. Profit as incentive
3. free competition for markets to sell goods , acquire cheap materials, and use cheap labor
4. Restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital.

CRITICISMS:
1. Leads to social inequality
2. People at the top have a large amount of power.
Term
Types/Stages of Corporate Capitalism
Definition
- Family Capitalism: large firms run by individual entrepreneurs or by members of the same family and then passed on to their descendancts.

- Managerial: displace the entrepreneurial families with the growth of large firms

- Welfare: sought to make the corporation the primary shelter from the uncertainties of the market in modern industrial life

- Institutional: consolidated network of business leadership concerned with the development of corporate power
Term
Socialism:
what are the features and criticisms?
Definition
FEATURES:
1. Profit is immoral
2. Gov't should own the means of production, to protect people and meet needs.

CRITICISMS:
1. Does not respect individual rights
2. Central palnning is inefficient and can't produce much wealth.
Term
What are the factors in the increase of transnational corporations?
Definition
1. Advances in transport and communication
2. Technological innovations
- containerization: you can load a tractor-trailer container at the manufacturer, ship it across seas, put in on a train, put it in a truck, etc.
Term
Deindustrialization
Definition
A systematic decline in the industrial base - due to the globalization of the world economy.
Term
Unionization:
why is there a decline?
Definition
1. The decline of the manufacturing industry and the rise of the service sector.
2. Recession
3. High levels of unemployment
4. International competition
5. Rise of rightist governments
Term
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
what are the sub-forms
Definition
Monogomy: one man and one woman.
Polygamy: allows a husband OR wife to have more than one spouse.
- Polygyny: a man may be married to more than one woman.
- Polyandry: a woman may be married to more than one man.
Term
What is the Functionalist perspective on family life?
Definition
The family performs important tasks that contribute to society's basic needs and helps perpetuate social order.
Term
What is the conflict/feminist perspective on family life?
Definition
Direct attention inside families to examine the experiences of women in the domestic sphere. Point out that certain family members seem to benefit more than others.
Term
What is the Symbolic Interactionist perspective on family life?
Definition
Family can be viewed as a unity of interacting personalities, roles and selves are shaped and each personality affects every other personality. The person least interest has the most power in the relationship.
Term
Racial/ethnic variations in families
Definition
Asian - family concerns are always put ahead of individual concerns

Native American - high rates of intermarriage diminish the Native American value of kinship

Latino - Multi-generational households with a high birth-rate. Prefer the breadwinner-homemaker but usually cannot due to financial constraint.

African American - more likely to have children outside of marriage
Term
What are the marriage trends in the U.S.?
Definition
1. Postponing marriage
2. cohabitation
3. The sandwich generation
4. Staying single
Term
What are the cohabitation trends in the U.S.?
Definition
They are rising
Term
Sandwich Generation
Definition
A generation that has the responsibility of taking care of their young children and elderly parents at the same time.
Term
Why have divorce rates risen since the 1960's?
Definition
1. Relaxation of dissaproval
2. More easily available
3. Marriage is less of necessity to women.
4. Growing value of personal satisfaction from marriage
5. Parental divorce
6. Premarital cohabitation
7. Premarital childbearing
8. Marriage at an early age
9. A childless marriage
10. low incomes
Term
What is the relation between income in post-divorce situations?
Definition
Men's income rises, and women's decreases.
Term
What are the effects of step-parenting on children?
Definition
1. visitation constraints may cause problems in step-parent bonding.
2. clashes of habits and outlooks.
3. no pre-existing norms to follow.
Term
Why is mass media important?
Definition
it is the means of access to the knowledge on which many social acitivities depend, like voting.
Term
McLuhan theory on media and society
Definition
"The medium is the message" - the medium is more significant than the message.
Term
Habermas theory on media and society
Definition
1.Mass media causes the public sphere to be a sham.
2. Public opinion is manipulated
Term
Baudrillard theory on media and society
Definition
1.In an age where the mass media is everywhere HYPER-REALITY is created
2. Peoples behavior and media become intermingled
Term
Thompson theory on media and society
Definition
1. Mass media have created a new form of social interaction - mediated quasi-interaction
2. Mass media change the balance between public and private in our lives
Term
Media Imperialism theory on media and society
Definition
1. World information order
2. the ability of the US to disseminate western values through the dominance of Hollywood and American television and through the agenda of western news organizations
Term
The impact of the Internet
Definition
1. New channels for communication and interaction
2. Blurring the boundaries between the global and the local
3. New opportunities to explore the social world
4. Threatens to undermine human relationships and communities
5. Formation of new relationships
6. Less time interacting in the physical world
7. Increased social isolation and atomization 8. Less quality time with friends and families
Term
Information Poverty
Definition
The people who have little or no access to information technology such as computers.
Term
What is the likely outcome as the global economy becomes more knowledge-based?
Definition
1. More people will become portfolio workers (different jobs skills/credentials)
2. Replacement of full time workers by part time workers
3. Promotes feelings of nationalism and aided the development of national societies.
4. Demands for higher credentials which require higher levels of education (reinforces the class structure)
Term
what are the key factors of the origin and development of cities?
Definition
1. Industrialization
2. Developing world societies
Term
Urbanization
Definition
Process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities
Term
What are the models of urban growth?
Definition
Metropolis - a central city surrounded by large suburbs that have become known as the same city or place.

Conurbation - a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network.

Megalopolis - the peak of urban life, the "city of cities."
Term
Urban Ecology
Definition
An approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment. According to ecological theorists, the various neighborhoods and zones within cities are formed as a result of natural processes of adjustment on the part of populations as they compete for resources.
Term
Wirth's "Urbanism as a Way of Life"
Definition
Denotes distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality.
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Term
Harvey's "Created Environment"
Definition
Constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, derived from the use of man-made technology - including roads, railways, factories, etc.
Term
What do both Harvey and Castells stress about cities?
Definition
The spatial form of a society is closly linked to the overall mechanisms of its development.
Term
what are John Logan and Harvey Molotch's key factors of structuring modern city neighborhoods?
Definition
The markets that structure the city environments how different groups of people want to use the property they buy and sell.
Term
Gans' categories/types of urban dwellers
Definition
Cosmopolites - students, intelectuals, artists, musicians, there for the access to culture.

Singles - young, unmarried, there for the access to nightlife and other singles

Ethnic Villagers - like china town

Deprived - Very poor, mentally ill, emotionally disturbed, higher crime rates/acts

Trapped - can't afford to leave despite wnating to.
Term
Suburbanization:
what is it?
what makes it possible?
what are the effects?
Definition
- Massive development and inhabiting of towns surrounding a city.

- as people move out of the cities, jobs and businesses follow

- Creation of ghettos
- As suburbs age, they tend to mirror the cities
Term
what are the reasons for the decline of inner cities?
Definition
- Redlining
- Deindustrialization
- Movement of middle class to the suburbs
Term
what are Wilson's views on the changes of inner cities into ghettos?
Definition
- stems from the structural transformation of the inner city economy
- loss of jobs
Term
how has globalization affected migration patterns of Americans?
Definition
- changed the financial infrastructure so investors could put their money anywhere, not just in America
- Business are able to move their production sites
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