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Sociology
exam 2
63
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
10/05/2010

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Term
Culture
Definition
sum of shared ideas, practices, and material objects that people create to deal with real life problems
Term
Symbol
Definition
anything that carries a particular meaning
Term
norms
Definition
generally accepted ways
Term
values
Definition
ideas about right and wrong, good and bad
Term
language
Definition
system of symbols strung together to communicate thought
Term
popular (mass) culture
Definition
consumed by all classes
Term
High culture
Definition
consumed mainly by upper classes Ex: opera, ballet
Term
material culture
Definition
composed of tools and techniques that enable people to get tasks accomplished EX: cars
Term
nonmaterial culture
Definition
symbols, norms and nontangible elements of culture
Term
subculture
Definition
set of distinctive values, norms, and practices with in a larger culture
Term
counterculture
Definition
peoples way of life that directly challenges or conflicts with dominant culture Ex: hippies
Term
Culture shock
Definition
disorientation caused by coming into contact with a different culture
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
tendency to judge other cultures as inferior to one's own
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
all cultures have equal value
Term
sanctions
Definition
rewards and punishments intended to ensure conformity to cultural guidelines
Term
Taboos
Definition
Strongest norms (generally accepted ways) EX: murder, incest
Term
Mores
Definition
norms most people believe are essential for survival of group or society EX: theft
Term
folkways
Definition
least important norms EX: jaywalking
Term
Nature
Definition
hereditary or biological forces determine our behavior
Term
Nurture
Definition
social forces determine our behavior
Term
socialization
Definition
process by which people learn their culture/behavior
Term
Self
Definition
consist of ideas and attitudes about who you are
Term
Psychological view of snese of self (sigmund freud)
Definition
ID-part of self that demands immediate gratification
Superego: repository of cultural standards (personal conscience)
Ego: Balances the conflicting needs of the ID and superego
Term
looking glass self
Definition
-Charles Cooley
-feelings about who we are depend largely on how we see ourselves evaluated by others through interactions w/ them
Term
I & ME
Definition
-George Herbert Mead
-I: subjective and impulsive aspect of self is present from birth (ID)
-Me: objective, social component of the self (superego)
Term
agents of socialization
Definition
-specific sites or groups that carry out socialization
4 main ones:
family (primary)
school (secondary)
peer groups
media
Term
resocialization
Definition
learn new and different responsibilities/values associated with new and different status EX:getting married
Term
Total institution
Definition
settings where people are isolated from larger society and under strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff EX: prison
Term
social interaction
Definition
involves verbal and nonverbal communication b/w people acting and reacting to one another
Term
Status
Definition
a position you occupy in society EX: student
Term
Mater status
Definition
most influential position in shaping one's life at a given time
Term
status set
Definition
entire group of statuses occupied by an individual EX: student, daughter, sister, girlfriend, etc
Term
Ascribed status
Definition
involuntary status EX: daughter, female
Term
Achieved status
Definition
voluntary status EX: girlfriend, student
Term
Roles
Definition
sets of expected behaviors associated with statuses EX: Student-come to class,study,etc
Term
role set
Definition
cluster of roles attached to a single status
Term
role conflict
Definition
2 or more statuses held at same time, place contradictory role demands
Term
role strain
Definition
incompatable role demands are placed on a single status (as a student, have to go to class but have study session at same time)
Term
Theories of social interaction (5)
Definition
Exchange theory
Rational choice theory
dramaturgical analysis (symbolic interactionism)
ethno methodology
conflict theory
Term
Exchange theory
Definition
exchange of valued resources, info, etc
Term
Rational choice theory
Definition
maximization of gains and minimization of losses
Term
Dramaturgical analysis
Definition
impression management (role playing, appear to be the best)
Term
Ethnomethodology
Definition
influence of preexisting norms
Term
conflict theory
Definition
statuses are arranged in hierarchies during social interaction
Term
Deviance
Definition
violation of social norms
Term
Crime
Definition
deviance that is against the law
Term
Deviance involves:
Definition
social power, labeling, establishing & breaking norms
Term
Street crime
Definition
crimes disproportionally committed by people from lower classes (Ex: arson, burglary)
Term
White-collar crime
Definition
illigal act committed by respectable high-status person in course of work.
Term
Why white-collar crime is costlier
Definition
Easy to get away with because:
It's private
hard to detect
have resources
Term
Theories of crime (7)
Definition
Functional approach
strain theory
subculture theory
learning theory
labeling theory
control theory
conflict theory
Term
Functional approach of crime
Definition
Deviance helps:
clarify moral boundaries
promote social solidarity
encourage healthy social changes
Term
Strain theory of crime: Merton
Definition
people turn to deviance when they experience strain
(where someone doesnt have enough legitimate opportunities to live up to the culture values of material success)
Term
Conformist (strain theory)
Definition
accept cultural goals & use legit means to accomplish them
Term
Innovator (strain theory)
Definition
accept cultural goals but accomplish goals by illegit means (criminals)
Term
retreatist (strain theory)
Definition
Reject cultural goals and means (drug addicts)
Term
ritualist (strain theory)
Definition
reject goals, but accept means (monks) Want to succeed but not because of cultural standards
Term
rebel (strain theory)
Definition
creates new goals and new means
Term
Subcultural theory of crime
Definition
follow rules/norms of a subculture such as a gang
Term
learning theory of crime
Definition
person learns to favor deviant or nondeviant lifestyles as a result of their environment or socialization
Term
Labeling theory of crime
Definition
deviance results not from the actions, but from response of others, who label the rule breaker a deviant
Term
Control theory of crime
Definition
rewards of deviance and crime are many; nearly everyone would engage in deviance and crime if they could get away with it
Term
Conflict theory of crime
Definition
deviance and crime arise out of conflict b/w powerful and powerless
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