Term
|
Definition
-Began the serious study of the family in 1960
-Saw that childrens heads are larger in proportion to their bodies and in colonial times they were portrayed as adults in paintings
-concept of childhood was a modern invention
-published a book
-childhood wasnt recognized until 1700's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definition: one or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood, who is/are taking care of dependents, and the dependents themselves.
-looks at the benefits of family; example: children
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definition: two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinately--or in the case of a parent and child, until the child is an adult--and who live in the same household and pool their incomes and household labor
-we get hugs as children, back rubs as adults, teenagers gain autonomy, etc.
|
|
|
Term
Created Kinship (relates to Private Family)
|
|
Definition
| kinship ties that people have to construct actively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship ties that people more or less acquire when they are born or marry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce
|
|
|
Term
Functions no longer performed today like in the Colonial Days.
-relates to public goods |
|
Definition
1. Education: children normally were taught by their family
2. Vocational Training: all children were taught by their family to learn trade, farming, etc.
3. Church Services: family worshiped and practiced religion together
4. Other Services: Hospitals, Houses of Correction, Orphanages, Nursing Homes, Poor Houses, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Conflict Theory (Karl Marx) |
|
Definition
-Focuses on inequality, power differences, and social change
-views men as more powerful than women
-2 forms of male dominance
>physical force
>economic resources
-assumes there are unequal resources at onset
|
|
|
Term
| Symbolic Interactionist Theory (George Herbert Mead) |
|
Definition
-humans interpret what other do through gestures, words, or appearances .
-we have shared understanding of meanings and how people should act; therefore it creates the basis of social roles that people play |
|
|
Term
| Functionalist Theory (Talcott Parsons) |
|
Definition
-focuses on stability and cooperation; or on functions and uses
-each partner performs specific functions
-Birthed the 'Breadwinner-Homemaker Model'--
-Basically, men are instrumental and task oriented; where women are expressive and give emotional support
|
|
|
Term
Feminist Theory (outgrowth of conflict theory)
|
|
Definition
-focuses on the domination of women by men
-emphasis on how roles are constructed and then how it gives men more power, and women less power.
-living in a family is much different experience for a woman than it is for a man.
-embraces the idea to separate men and womens roles as separate, instead of jointly to better the family as a whole
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-personal life has changed during the second half of the 20th century
-Modern Era: 1850;1950ish--individuals went through a series of roles, like husband > parent > grandparent > etc.
-Late Modern Era: mid to late 20th century;
a. individuals make choices on all aspects of life (marriage, children, income, etc)
b. Personal identity is important
c. Reflexivity: individuals take in knowledge, reflect on it, then alter their behavior accordingly.
-this explains why there are so many types of families |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary Psychology Perspective (Darwin) |
|
Definition
-animals behave in ways that maximize their chances they will reproduce
-women reproduce by exchanging their skills for men's protection and support
-men maximized their reproductive potential by impregnating as many women and controlling sexual access to women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-individuals exchange skills and talents with others for benefits they cant receive
-women exchange household and childcare for mens income, etc.
-People are said to be rationale
-Dependence can increase/decrease when women have an income, etc.. |
|
|
Term
| Cult of True Womanhood (Barbara Welters) |
|
Definition
(1966)
-The true woman was, first of all, a pious upholder of spiritual values. She was also pure, no sex before marriage, and none after except with her husband. SHe was submissive to men, especially her husband. She was domestic, her proper place was the home, comforting her children and husband and livingly raising children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinship group comprising of husband, wife, and children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinship group comprised of the conjugal family plus any other relatives present in the household such as an uncle or grandparent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the way in which one learns the ways of a given society or social group so that one can function within it.
-children can learn gender roles in many ways
>parents, toys, media, etc.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biological characteristics that distinguish men from women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish men and women in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Indian Times: a man or woman who dressed like, performed the duties of, and behaved like a member of the opposite sex.
-helped solve conflicts within male-female relationships
-also adopted children
-were NOT considered outcasts! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adults that are born with both sex organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the transformation of the biological differences between men and women into a social order that supports male domination.
-organized where men make and have more access to more money and more power.
-This creates a wage gap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that gender identification and behavior are based on childrens learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex, but not for those appropriate for the other sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Parent Socialization: parents treat boys and girls in different manners (jobs, manners, dress, punishment, etc)
2. Media Socialization: Cinderella, Snow white, GI Joe, etc.
3. Early Peer Groups: children sharing stories with young friends, playing, etc.
4. Childs Input: boys choose truck toys, climb on furniture, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences between men and womens roles should be appreciated instead of taken for granted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-theory that gender identification and behavior are based in part on peoples innate biological differences and social experiences
-believe both society and biology influence behavior
-environment where a child is raised effects behavior
-social influences can counteract biological predispositions |
|
|
Term
| Psychoanalytic Approach (Nancy Chodorow) |
|
Definition
-gender identification and behavior are based on children's unconscious internalization of the qualities of their same sex parent
-tries to explain why women in all societies do the childing
-women have a greater capacity to relate to infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-identification and behavior are based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions
-a continual construction of gender behavior
-males open door for women, say please and thankyou, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Good Provider Role (Jesse Bernard) |
|
Definition
-women were expected to stay at home while men were supposed to be the sole earner of the family
-husband and wives are supposed to be loving companions and friends, and derive happiness from being successful spouses and parents.
-only 25% of all families are 2 parent - 1 employed |
|
|
Term
Social Class
-know marx definition; as well as weber definition |
|
Definition
| an ordering of all persons in a society according to their degree of economic resources, prestige, and privilege |
|
|
Term
| Marx definition of social class |
|
Definition
persons relationship to the means of production
-individuals relationship depends if he is a worker or owner. |
|
|
Term
| Weber definition of social class |
|
Definition
| ordering of persons in society by degree of power, prestige, and privilege |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
families that have amassed wealth and privilege and that often have substantial prestige as well
-cars, leisure activities, clothing, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
families whose connection to the economy provides them with a secure, comfortable income and allows them to live well above a substinence level
-mostly work in offices and buildings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
families whose income can reliably provide only for the minimum needs of what other people see as a descent life
-layoffs are more prone, manual jobs, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
families whose connection to the economy is so tenuous that they cannot reliably provide for a decent life.
-deterorating houses, little or no education, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a division of labor in which the husband earns enough money to support his family and the wife remains home to do housework and childcare. |
|
|
Term
| Breadwinner-Homemaker Model |
|
Definition
-a married couple with children in which the father worked for pay and the mother did not
-peaked in the mid 20th century
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
personal experiences that increase an individuals capital
-classes at OU that I take |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how to navigate within a culture
-such as manners, how to talk, posture, look in the eye, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resources that a person can access through his or her relationships with other people
-friendships etc that translate into opportunities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when unemployment could or could not possibly occur?
-when an individual is at a level where he could move in or out of the job market |
|
|
Term
| LaReau and her Social Classes |
|
Definition
-Middle Class: parents had jobs requiring college or more advanced degress
>>Concerted Cultivation: actively enhance childrens talents. opinions, and skills (cultivating a garden) (children gain more autonomy and independence)
-Working Class:parents had jobs that required less than a college level education
>>Emergence of Natural Growth: provided a safe environment with love, allowing children to grow on their own (More conformity and obedience was apparent) |
|
|
Term
United States Ethnic Composition
White-
Black-
Hispanic-
Asian-
Native American-
then by 2050...
White-
Black-
Hispanic-
Asian-
Native American-
|
|
Definition
White- 70.7%
Black- 12.3%
Hispanic- 12.5%
Asian- 2.6%
Native American- .9%
White- 52.8%
Black- 13.6%
Hispanic- 24.5%
Asian- 8.2%
Native American- .9%
|
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of African American Families |
|
Definition
-suffered more from economic reconstructing
-declining importance of marriage
-holds onto middle class
-highest single parent and neither parent homes |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Hispanics |
|
Definition
-highest birth rate
-marry at the youngest age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most prosperous group
-low birth rates
-more married couples than any class
-highest paid
-most population numbers in college |
|
|
Term
characteristics of American Indians
|
|
Definition
-lowest total fertility rate
-most economically disadvantaged
-highest percentage of families led by unmarried women |
|
|
Term
| Public Assistance Before the Reform Legislation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the system of pensions for the elderly
-was an entitlement until later in history
-entitlement: program where government has obligation to benefit anyone who qualifies
-developed in 1935 (Social Security Act) |
|
|
Term
| E.I.T.C. (Earned Income Tax Credit) |
|
Definition
a refundable tax credit to low income families with children in which at least on parent is employed
|
|
|
Term
| A.F.D.C. (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) |
|
Definition
a federal program of financial assistance to low income families, commonly known as 'welfare' until it was replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
-available only to low income single parent families
|
|
|
Term
| T.A.N.F. (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) |
|
Definition
federal program of financial assistance to low income families that began in 1996, following passage of new welfare legislation
-pushed poor stay-at-home mothers to get a job, ANY JOB |
|
|
Term
| Popularity of EITC to LIBERALS |
|
Definition
-provided income assistance to many low income families
-pays dual earner households
-offers a high rate of pay for these families (4000 to family with 2 children and a job) |
|
|
Term
| Popularity of EITC to CONSERVATIVES |
|
Definition
-goes only to a family where a parent is employed
-not only applies to dual earners, but also breadwinner-homemaker families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a capitalist government that has enacted numerous measures, such as social security, unemployment compensation, and a minimum wage, to protect workers and their families from harsh conditions of a capitalist economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Those whose poverty is beyond their control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those whose poverty is seen as their own fault because they didnt act as society expects. |
|
|
Term
| Welfare Reform Law of 1996 (P.R.W.O.R.A.) |
|
Definition
-stunning rollback of policies toward poor families that had stood since 1935
-1st: ended the entitlement to welfare benefits
-2nd: set a 5 year limit to cash assistance
-3rd: recipitents had to work within 2 years of being on the rolls or their families lost benefits
-forced people to get a job, ANY JOB! |
|
|
