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Sociology NIACC
chapter 1
47
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
02/05/2012

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Term
applied sociology
Definition
 the use of sociology to solve problems - form the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution(p.12)
Term
 basic (or pure) sociology
Definition
sociological research whose purpose is to make discoveries about life in human groups, not to make changes in those groups.(p12)
Term
 class conflict
Definition
 Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers. (p.6)
Term
closed-ended questions
Definition
 questions followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent(p.25)
Term
conflict theory
Definition
a theretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of groups competing for scarce resources (p.18)
Term
control group
Definition
the group of subjects not exposed to the independent variable (p.28)
Term
dependent variable
Definition
a factor that is changed by an independent variable (p.28)
Term
 documents
Definition
 in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extened sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, and so on (p.28)
Term
experiment
Definition
 the use of control groups and exerimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation (p.28)
Term
 experimental group
Definition
 the group of subjects exposed to the independent variable (p.28)
Term
functional analysis
Definition
a theoretical framwork in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism (p.16)
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a statment of the expected relationship between variables according to predictions of a theory (p.20)
Term
independent variable
Definition
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable (p.28)
Term
macro-level analysis
Definition
 an examination of large-scale patterns of society (p.19)
Term
 micro-level analysis
Definition
 an examination of small-scale patterns of society (p.19)
Term
noverbal interaction
Definition
communication without words through gestures, spaces, silence, and so on. (p.19)
Term
objectivity
Definition
 total neutrality in research to avoid biased findings (p.31)
Term
open-ended questions
Definition
questions that respondents are able to answer in their own words (p.25)
Term
operational definitions
Definition
the way in which variables in a hypothesis are measured (p.20)
Term
 Participant observation (or fieldwork)
Definition
research in which the researcher participates in a reasearch setting while observing what is happening in that setting (p.27)
Term
Population
Definition
The target group to be studied (p.24)
Term
positivism
Definition
 the application of the scientific method to the social world (p.5)
Term
random sample
Definition
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chances of being included in the study (p.25)
Term
rapport
Definition
 a felling of trust sociologist try to establish with respondents (p.21)
Term
reliability
Definition
the extent to which data produce consistent results (p.21)
Term
replication
Definition

repeation a study in order to test its findings

(p.31)

Term
reasearch method (or research design)
Definition
one of six procedures sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures (p.20) 
Term
respondents
Definition
 people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires (p. 20)
Term
sample
Definition
 the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied (p.25)
Term
 science
Definition
requires the development of theories that can be tested by research (p.5)
Term
scientific method
Definition
using objective, systematic observation to test theories (p.5)
Term
 secondary analysis
Definition
 the analysis of data already collected by other researchers (p.28)
Term
 social intergration
Definition
 the degree to which people feel a part of social groups (p.7)
Term
social interaction
Definition
 what people do when they are in one another's presence (p.19)
Term
social location
Definition
 the group menberships that peoplehave because of their location in history and society (p.4)
Term
society
Definition
 people who share a culture and a terriory (p.4)
Term
 sociological perspective
Definition
 understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context (p.4)
Term
 sociology
Definition
 the scientific study of human behavior
Term
 stratified random sample
Definition
 a sample that is randomly selected from certain subgroups using random numbers (p.25)
Term
 survey
Definition
 the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions (p.24)
Term
 symbolic interactionism
Definition
 a theroretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people ise to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another (p.15)
Term
theory
Definition
 a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another (p.14)
Term
unobtrusive measures
Definition
 ways of observing people who do not know they are being studied (p.29)
Term
 validity
Definition
 the extent to which an operational definition measures what was intended (p.21)
Term
 value free
Definition
 the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases shoud not infulence social research (p.30)
Term
 values
Definition
the standards by which people define what is desiracle or indesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly (p.31)
Term
 variables
Definition
 factors thought to be significant for behavior, which vary from one case to another (p.20)
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