Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Sociology Exam 5
exam 5
91
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2010

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
economic order
Definition
concerns production + distribution of goods and services
Term
3 types of production
Definition
preindustrial: primary production (hunting, fishing,mining, etc). laissez faire policy

industrial: secondary production (processes raw materials)

Postindustrial: tertiary production (3/4 of US labor force) causes decline of secondary production jobs
Term
3 Types of economic systems
Definition
Capitalism: private property, profit motive, laissez faire, weak unions (only 13% unionized), equality of opportunity (common wealth)
ex: United States

Mixed: mix of public ownership/private property, social welfare, state regulation of subsidization of industry, strong unions (insisred after WWII - marshall plan), equality of condition/opportunity
ex: Germany

Socialism: public ownership (common wealth), human need, state controls means of production, worker’s councils, equality of condition
Ex: mormon communities
Term
Capitalism
Definition
Capitalism: private property, profit motive, laissez faire, weak unions (only 13% unionized), equality of opportunity (common wealth)
ex: United States
Term
Mixed economy
Definition
Mixed: mix of public ownership/private property, social welfare, state regulation of subsidization of industry, strong unions (insisred after WWII - marshall plan), equality of condition/opportunity
ex: Germany
Term
Socialism
Definition
Socialism: public ownership (common wealth), human need, state controls means of production, worker’s councils, equality of condition
Ex: mormon communities
Term
Marshall Plan
Definition
US would rebuild Germany, only if Germany would strengthen its unions. (This plan was against hitler and an alternative to communism - that's why US wanted it)
required co-determination (workers have 1/2 of votes on corporation)
Term
What is the GDP of the US?
Definition
14.6 trillion
Term
What is the GDP of china?
Definition
7.9 trillion
Term
What is the GDP of the UK?
Definition
7.2 trillion
Term
Dual economy
Definition
made up of core and periphery

ex: US
Term
Core society: United States
Definition
core controlled by wealthy elites that own stock in same companies

large companies (like walmart) have assets that are larger than GDP of every nation in the world, except china and US
Term
Employmen in core is characterized by...


(didn't get all of these notes)
Definition
1. Credentials: critical for hire + promotions

2. Internal labor markets with predictable career paths
Term
Peripherary societies: characterized by what kind of workers?
Definition
characterized by petite bourgeouis (old middle class) - people that use income to make their own business, family owned

low wage, no benefits
Term
Definition of a profession
Definition
occupation requiring extensive, systematic knowledge + training
Term
5 characteristics of a profession
Definition
1. theoretical knowledge
2. autonomy in work - freedom from supervision, do work because you like it, have control over own work
3. control over clients
4. code of ethics
5. form association that regulates the conduct of members + Admission to a profession is carefully controlled by existing members
Term
what are the two things that separate PROFESSIONS from other lines of work?
Definition
autonomy + intrinsic reward for work
Term
Definition of unemployment rate
Definition
based on people registered with unemployment office

9.5% in state that looked for work
Term
What percent of people need to be unemployed for "full employment"?
Definition
4-5%
Term
Sources of unemployment (3)
Definition
1. shifts in global economy
2. deindustrialization
3. technological intervention
Term
Shifts in the global economy: outsourcing
Definition
lowers cost of labor, less environmental + safety regulation, low taxes + US tax avoidaance
Term
Deindustrialization
Definition
-loss of skilled, unionized, blue-collered jobs in primary labor market

-significant expansion of low-skill, low-pay jobs in secondary market.

-downsizing in work force, reduce layers of management, decrease number of managers, decrease rank + salary
Term
technological innovation
Definition
creates small number of high pay, high tech jobs
Term
CEO compensation
Definition
CEOs make too much $

10:1
CEO:average worker in China
Term
Economic policy: conservatives
Definition
cut corp. taxes, decrease wages + benefits
Term
Economic policy: liberal
Definition
US corp captured by elite

propose:
1. make laws to reduce advantages enjoyed by foreign made products

2. government subsidies + tax incentives to industries with high unemployment potential (ex: alternative energy sources)

3. terminating government subsidies + tax breaks to companies that relocate capital, plant + equip overseas + companies that outsource
Term
Political orientation: radical
Definition
MARX
revolution
socialist utopia
Term
Political orientation: liberals
Definition
WARD
progressive movement
constitutional democracy
Term
political orientation: conservative
Definition
DURKHEIM
maintaining status quo instead of reforming
Term
Political orientation: reactionary
Definition
HOBBES
status quo
dictatorship
Term
List theories of power (3)
Definition
Pluralists

Power-elite

State-autonomy
Term
Theories of power: Pluralists
Definition
DAHL

competing interests + power

everything is balanced, no struggle (business + labor)
Term
Theories of power: Power-elite
Definition
MILLS

elite control (business, military, government)
Term
theories of power: state-autonomy
Definition
SKOCPOL

bureaucratic ogligarchy

government controls info + policies
Term
vested interest groups
Definition
interested in maintaining status quo

ex: NRA, military equip industries
Term
Military industrial complex: what is it comprised of?
Definition
EISENHOWER

corporations: black-water -> private army

military: joint chiefs + retired consultants + lobbyists. very rich

congress: senators + representatives in defense-rich districts
Term
Irony of diversity
Definition
token african americans represented into government (ex: colin powell)

strategically placed to justify status quo
Term
What was the average life expectancy in the US in 1900? and in 1990?

why did this change?
Definition
1900: 45
1990: 75

better disease control
Term
5 factors for improvements in health care in 20th century
Definition
1. industrial revolution

2. social reforms: distributed wealth to stimulate economic growth, which increases standard of living

AMA+AHA: reforms in medical practice + hospital care

Medical schools: adopted by research universities. prestige, $, science. controlled by AMA

5. Federal government subsidized medicine: med training, research, hospital construction, socialistic education
Term
Sick role: rights and obligations
Definition
-health + sickness are socially constructed statuses

-exempt from normal social roles, not held responsible for their condition

-required to get well, should seek cooperate with technically competent practitioners
Term
medicalization of deviance: examples
Definition
alcoholism
homosexuality
homicide
Term
Stress -> moderators -> stress outcomes
Definition
Stress: life events, jobs, lifestyle

moderators: personality + social support

stress outcomes: anxiety, depression, insomnia
Term
3 main problems of health care
Definition
1. lack of medical insurance: US is the only nation that does not have a comprehensive system of national health care (8% in US have health care)

2. inflation: increase in cost of health care (erodes competitiveness of US firms, chews up 1/2 of gain in real per capita income over past 2 decades, threatens financial stability of americans

Sever shortage of primary care physicians: pediatricians, emergency care, internal medicine, registered nurses, etc)
---why so low? because high stress, low authority
Term
3 reasons why medical costs is so high?
Definition
1. lack of competition among MDs in lucrative specialties (ex: dematology + radiology)

2. too much competition + duplication of facilities among hospitals (excess capacity of cardiovascular surgery units in same area)

3. high consumer demand by patients with good insurance

4. defensive medicine: malpractice insurance (ex: high cost of medical malpractice insurance + ordering unnecessary med tests for insurance rather than legit medical reasons

pharmaceutical + nursing home industries = too much power + influence
Term
Definition: Demography
Definition
study of population size, changes, and distribution
Term
Population changes are affected by... (3)
Definition
1. birth rate

2. death rate

3. rate of migration
Term
Fertility: definition + simplest measure of
Definition
number of children born

simplest measure of: crude birth rate
Term
fecundity
Definition
biological maximum number of children that can be born
Term
mortality rate: definition + simplest measure of
Definition
number of deaths that occur in population

simplest measure: crude death rate
Term
migration vs emigration
Definition
movement to particular country

emigration: moving out of a country
Term
Crude birth rate equation

US? world?
Definition
(number of live births)/(midyear population * 1000)

US=13.8
world=20
Term
crude death rate: equation

US? world?
Definition
(number deaths)/(midyear population * 1000)

US: 8.4
world: 8.6
Term
infant mortality rate: equation

US?
world?
Definition
(number of deaths)/(number of births * 1000)

US=6.8
world: 3 to 180
Term
migration rate: equation + US stats
Definition
(number immigrants-emigrants)/midyear pop

.2% (does not include illegal immigrants)
Term
rate of natural population increase: equation

US stats, world stats
Definition
Growth rate/GR

GR = CBR-CDR

US=.54%
world=1.14%
Term
Population size: world, US, mexico

when will each double?
Definition
world population: 6.8 billion; will be doubled in 61 years

US pop: 307 million; double in 130 years

mexico pop: 110 million; double in 60 years
Term
"doubling time" equation for population
Definition
70/GR
Term
Malthus' population theory
Definition
unchecked population - grows GEOMETRICALLY (2,4,8,16) + food supply grows AIRTHMETICALLY (1, 2, 3, 4)

natural checks = war, famine, pestilence

INTERVENTION: should delay marriage and reproduction
Term
MARX's population theory
Definition
Population problems result from an inequitable distribution of resources based on the PROFIT MOTIVE (supply and demand) contributions should be made on basis of need and ability

INTERVENTION: harness science + industry to produce bounty for all and redistribute resources equitably
Term
theory of demographic transition
Definition
growth rate of population tends to stabilize once two certain level of economic development is achieved
Term
Population problems: Dependency ratio
Definition
children and elderly/adults are dependent

core countries = less than .50
africa: .92 (and growing with AIDS + war)
Term
Population problems: inverted pyramid
Definition
many elderly + few children and youth

china and most european countries have this problem
Term
Population problems: baby boomers
Definition
(1946-1964)
the demographic "pig in the python" compromises nearly 1/4 of population (ex: social security + health care system)

cannot support them all
Term
carrying capacities
Definition
upper size limited by its environmental resources that are necessary to maintain a certain lifestyle

ex: puritans during 1635 (pilgrimage)

japanese during pearl harbor
Term
global consequences of over population
Definition
crowding, food shortages, depletion of resources, conflict
Term
postindustrial societies are organized around...
Definition
the provision of services
Term
the means of production in CAPITALISM is...
Definition
privately owned
Term
the means of production is SOCIALISM are...
Definition
state owned
Term
Communism argues that capitalism is fundamentally unjust, because...
Definition
powerful owners take more from laborers (and society) than they give and use their power to maintain the inequalities between workers and owners
Term
Totalitarianism
Definition
political system

powerful elites exercise total control over the population
Term
Contingent workers
Definition
do not hold regular jobs

employment is on demand

Comprise 30-40% of labor force
Term
______ men are the most likely to be employed; _____ women are least likely`
Definition
Hispanic men = most

Hispanic women = least
Term
During WWII, how many (%) more women joined work force?
Definition
went from 35% to 60% since 1948
Term
How many people are officially employed in world?
Definition
6.7 million
Term
Who was the first person to suggest that people with disabilities also face issues similar to those of minority groups?
Definition
Irving Zola
Term
date of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Definition
1750
Term
global economy
Definition
Research and management are controlled by the most developed countries and assembly-line work is performed in nations with less privileged positions in the global economy.
Term
In the "Sociology in Practice" box "Toys Are NOT U.S.," it is noted that:
Definition
the manufacturing of toys is a classic example of the global assembly line that has led to the downsizing of jobs in the U.S.
Term
_____ percent of workers are employed in service industry jobs.
Definition
80%
Term
Which sociological theory focuses on how work organizes social bonds between people who interact within work settings and how such workplace interaction shapes the worker's identity?
Definition
Symbolic interaction
Term
Increases in employment among women have been greatest for:
Definition
women with children
Term
Full employment is assumed (by the U.S. Department of Labor and most U.S. economists) to occur when there is an unemployment rate of about__________ percentage.
Definition
4-5%
Term
Interlocking directorates
Definition
organizational linkages created when the same people set on the boards of directors of a number of different corporations
Term
Autonomous State
Definition
model of power that views the formation of the "welfare state" as a product of government agencies and officials promoting their own interests independent of others groups such as business, labor or the general public
Term
Which theory of power in society interprets social conflict as the competition between diverse groups that mobilize to promote their interests?
Definition
pluralism
Term
Which theory of power in society interprets the social order as controlled by interlocking directorates in business, government, and the military that promote their own interests, regardless of the needs of the general public or welfare of society?
Definition
power-elite
Term
Which racial/ethnic groups is disproportionately Republican?
Definition
Cuban Americans
Term
In __________, toward the end of the Vietnam War, the all-male draft was ended and an all-volunteer force was initiated in the U.S. armed services.
Definition
1973
Term
Conflict theorists maintain that a fundamental problem of healthcare is:
Definition
that excessive bureaucratization of the health-care system and privatization lead to excessive cost.
Term
managed competition
Definition
The core of the reforms proposed by the Clinton administration (1992-1996) was to be conversion of the entire health system
Term
honorific treatment
Definition
might prolong the life of a patient in a coma but offer no hope of recovery is
Supporting users have an ad free experience!