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Sociology Exam 2
Flashcards for Sociology Exam 2 Ed Brent
49
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2010

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Term
How does urbanization affect us?
Definition
Alienation and Anomie (normlessness)
Urban overload and noninvolvement (over exposed to stimuli)
Studies nonobservance - polite way of pretending not to notice someone
Term
What types of cities are there?
Definition
Small towns
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Megalopolis
Suburb
Edge city
Term
What are some of the processes cities go through
Definition
Ecological succession - process in which a new group of people invade territory and then become dominant
Uran renewal - includes efforts to improve urban environment
Blockbusting - illegal practice where bankers use racial fear to drive down real estate value
Redlining - designating geographic areas where loans and construction will be avoided
Gentrification - where affluent residents and businesses move in forcing out low-income residents
Urban decline - succession resulting in increased crime and business exodus
Term
LaFree's structure of deviance
Definition
Rape in the midwest with blacks and whites, blacks are treated more severely when dealing with white victims
Term
Hirschi's structure of deviance
Definition
argued people have an inner control system - an individuals capacity to resist temptation including conscience and fear of punishment

discovered less intimacy with parents equals more deviance and more likely to be picked up by police if friend had been previously
Term
Derkheim's structure of deviance
Definition
identifies positive contributions of deviance to society, argued crime is a natural part of society. Argues crime defines a societies darkest fears and highest goals
Term
Merton's structure of deviance
Definition
argues that deviance tends to occur when members of a society reject culturally prescribed goals and dont believe they can achieve them in prescribed ways
Term
Cloward and Ohlin structure of deviance
Definition
lower class youth are more likely to be deviant since they are less likely to achieve success
Term
Crimes against property vs. people
Definition
crimes against property 10x more likely to occur that against people
Term
Victimization statistics
Definition
Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know intimately
Men are more likely to be victimized by a stranger
Term
Types of crime
Definition
Crimes against persons -
Crimes against property -
Felonies - more serious crimes punishable by year
Misdemeanors - less serious crimes punishable by less than a year
Street crimes - occur in public
White collar crimes - crimes committed affluent people
status offenses - crimes committed only because of the status of those people
Term
Concepts and assertions of theories of deviance
Definition
Biological view - tend to be applied to street crimes and lower class
Psychological view -
Functional view - deviance is required in society it reveals greatest fears and greatest goals
Structural strain view - people believe they can't achieve the goals set by a society
Control view - everyone is tempted by deviance but are less likely to occur when bonds to society are strong
Term
Stigma
Definition
the person is viewed as somehow socially
unacceptable or disgraced
Term
situated morality
Definition
a view of what is morally correct that they recognize is limited to people in that situation and is widely rejected by the larger society
Term
Ostracism
Definition
the exclusion or banning of a person from normal activities of a group
Term
How people perceive inequality
Definition
Normally measured by income or wealth
Term
Characteristics of the poor
Definition
1 of 5 children are poor
women are more likely to be poor than men
blacks and latinos are 3x more likely to be poor
Poverty most common in the central city and rural areas
Term
Stratification systems
Definition
caste system - determined solely by birthright
estate system - divided into nobility, church and peasants, more mobility than a caste system
clan system - based on birthright
Term
Karl Marx stratification
Definition
argued that the workers will one day realize that they are being exploited stepping away from their false consciousness and would begin a worker's revolt, which would eventually lead to a classless society (communism)
Term
Eric Wright stratification
Definition
Modified Marx's analysis, adding four classes: capitalists (large business owners), petty bourheoisie (small business owners), managers (sell labor but exercise authority), and workers (sell their labor)
Term
Max Weber stratification
Definition
Argued that there are three dimensions to stratification: Social class, status, and power
Term
International inequality theories
Definition
World system theory - powerful countries use the resources of less powerful countries to favor their own interests
Modernization theory - countries could be improved through way of diffusion of resources
Term
Importance of race in getting ahead
Definition
Most answered not very important or fairly important
Term
Minorities in the US
Definition
Face prejudices and racism
Term
Differences between racial and ethnic groups
Definition
racial is physical
ethnic is cultural
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
people defined on the bases of their cultural characteristics
Term
Race
Definition
Biological race - people who share physical characteristics that distinguish them from others
Social race - refers to a people who are perceived to belong to a catagory based on physical appearance
Term
Minority
Definition
subordinate group that occupies and inferior position
Term
Video on black and white man
Definition
Black man was given a higher price on the car and apartment
Term
Racism
Definition
an idea used to discriminate towards a member of a different race
Term
Bigotry
Definition
the intolerance and prejudice a person has
Term
Attitudinal discrimination
Definition
discrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes
Term
Institutional discrimination
Definition
consists of organizations practices and societal trend that exclude minorities from economic opportunity
Term
Gender
Definition
thought of as a social status associated with ones sex
Term
Sex
Definition
noted biological distinction between men and women
Term
Sexuality
Definition
a persons sexual orientation
Term
Gender statistics about education
Definition
Women are more likely to be illiterate than men, women have lower salaries than men but are more likely to graduate from college
Term
Primary Labor Market
Definition
good working conditions, high pay, opportunity for advancement and job security
Term
Secondary Labor Market
Definition
high turnover, low job security, few benefits and low wages
Term
Sectors
Definition
A large segment of the economy such as the primary (agricultural), secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary (service)
Term
Underground economy
Definition
all economic transactions involving income that is not reported
Term
rationalization
Definition
the replacing of old methods with new ones
Term
Difference between organic and mechanical solidarity
Definition
Organic - a condition in which members of a society or social system are mutually dependent on one another (Gesselscaft)
Mechanical - occurs when social bonds among people are based on shared moral sentiments and tradition
Term
Gemeinshaft and Gesselschaft
Definition
Gemeinshaft - small close knit communities
Gesselschaft - large impersonal communities
Term
Logical fallacies
Definition
False dichotomy - only two choices
Hasty generalization - assumptions
Post Hoc - possible coincidence
Slippery slope - series of bad events
False analogy - two things argued to be similar
Affirming the consequent - because one is true so must be the other
Term
Elements of critical thinking
Definition
Focused, open-minded, reflexive, independent thinking, systematic
Term
Demographic transition theory
Definition
The transition to a post industrial economy, can result in downsizing and deindustrialization
Term
Changing role of unions and professions
Definition
Unions have continued to decline.
Professions - more people are trying to renegotiate their occupations to achieve a more favorable position
Term
Demographic equation
Definition
statistics about demographics of an area
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