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Sociology Exam 1
Developing a Sociological Perspective and Doing Sociological Research
87
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
09/08/2010

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Term
Sociology
Definition
the study of human behavior in society
Term
Social construct
Definition
an established, organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose
Term
According to C. Wright Mills, the specific task of sociology is to...
Definition
enable people to comprehend the whole of human society its personal and public dimensions; historical and contemporary, and its influence on the lives of human beings.
Term
The Enlightenment's influence on the development of modern sociology...
Definition
The spread of socialism, the influence of religion as a system of authority and law, and its faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problems.
Term
Emile Durkheim conceptualized social facts as...
Definition
Social patterns that are external to individuals
Term
William Graham Sumner believed that...
Definition
Sociology had the ability as a discipline to address society's problems
Term
Charles Horton Cooley theorized that individual identity developed through...
Definition
people's understanding of how they are perceived by others
Term
microsociology
Definition
Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction
Term
Robert K. Merton referred to the unintended consequences of behavior as...
Definition
latent functions
Term
conflict perspective, the source of social change is...
Definition
power struggles between conflicting groups.
Term
social structure
Definition
The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society
Term
Sociological research derives from the research procedure that Sir Francis Bacon defined as...
Definition
the scientific method.
Term
Weaknesses of Participant observation
Definition
time-consuming, the researcher often must recall data from vast amounts of their notes, and such studies usually focus on fairly small groups, thus care must be taken not to generalize too widely.
Term
According to the text. the finding that the number of women reporting physical assaults by their husbands goes up on Super Bowl Sunday may lead to the erroneous conclusion that watching the Super Bowl causes husbands to be violent. This correlation is an example of a __________/ __________ correlation.
Definition
Spurious/positive
Term
The central premise of sociology is that human behavior is largely shaped by...
Definition
Social Facts (properties of group life that exist outside the individual and act t shape and constrain peoples' thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Term
Social Darwinists such as Spencer and Sumner believe that...
Definition
those at the top of society are there because of their natural superiority
Term
"Let it be understood that we cannot go outside of this alternative: liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; not-liberty, equality, survival of the unfittest."This statement is associated with which of the following?
Definition
Sumner, Laissez-faire, and social darwinism
Term
Thomas' Theorem: "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" is a key assumption in the ________ perspective(s).
Definition
functionalist
Term
Valued resources are scarce and people struggle with one another to acquire them.
Definition
Conflict + interactionist perspective
Term
functionalist perspective
Definition
societies are bonded (held together) by consensus (shared agreements) and interdependent (mutually dependent) relationships.
Term
Sociological Imagination
Definition
Ability to see societal patterns that influence individual + group life. See true interests and values; therefore, choose wisely where your political and social place is.
Term
C. Wright Mills
Definition
Wrote "The Sociological Imagination." Said that the task of society was to understand relationship between individual and the society in which they lived. Need to know historical and social background before understanding person or group.
Term
Troubles v.s Issues
Definition
Troubles: Privately felt problems from events in individual's life
Issues: Affect large numbers of people
Term
Social Structure
Definition
Organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions
Term
Social Process
Definition
Dynamics of organized relationships - how they are formed, maintained, and changed
Term
Social Stratification
Definition
social hierarchu - ethnicity, race, etc.
Term
Durkheim
Definition
Suicide study. Men more commonly commit suicide than women. Age positively correlates with suicide rates. Whites commit suicide more commonly than blacks. protestants more than catholics. divorced have higher rates than married couples. married couples with kids, less. THESE ARE ALL SOCIAL FACTS.

Durkheim determined that the strength of an individual's bond to family and community is the most crucial social fact affecting suicide!
Term
Name 4 types of suicide
Definition
Altruistic, Fatalistic, Egoistic, and Anomic
Term
Altruistic Suicide
Definition
beneficial to society. example: Japanese warriors - suicide=honor
Term
Fatalistic Suicide
Definition
results from helplessness and sense of powerlessness. example: prisoners and slaves
Term
Egoistic Suicide
Definition
Suicide results from social isolation. Example: college freshman. do not have bonds with people or constraints
Term
Anomic Suicide
Definition
Rules of social behavior are unclear, sense of disorder. example: berlin/russians ~ nazis killed selves.
Term
Three types of revolution
Definition
Political, industrial, and scientific
Term
American Revolution (1775-1783)
Definition
Political Revolution, Based on French Enlightenment~natural right to freedom; threatens monarchs. Primary motivation to immigrate = $. Increase tax to pay for war. End british rule over colonies.
Term
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
Definition
Political revolution. French society = corrupt. Cannot rebuild society over night. 1800 - Napoleon became dictator to restore order. Wanted to figure out how society becomes enslaved.

THOMAS HOBBES - human nature is inheritently selfish. powerful institutions (monarchy, etc) are necessary to retrain human nature to make possible civilized nature
Term
Thomas Hobbes
Definition
THOMAS HOBBES - human nature is inheritently selfish. powerful institutions (monarchy, etc) are necessary to retrain human nature to make possible civilized nature
Term
The Industrial Revolution
Definition
Mass production, moving to cities, hash working conditions, pollution, crap products, child labor. capitalists have all power.
Term
The Scientific Revolution
Definition
Sir Francis Bacon - Scientific Method. Assumes there is a pattern to the universe and events that occur in it.

POSITIVISM: (Comte) social world can be studied scientifically. Scientific method to study humanity
Term
Positivism
Definition
Comte. Social World can be studied scientifically. scientific method to study humanity
Term
Comte
Definition
How are societies bonded together? Came up with POSITIVISM.

COMTE WAS A FUNCTIONALIST.
Term
Spencer
Definition
Believes he was the best of species. Fed poor, bad to help people, because helping unfit. Top of society = fittest. Laissez Faire = Let nature take its course.

SPENCER WAS A FUNCTIONALIST
Term
Marx
Definition
Radical. Poverty and inequality are manmade conditions. Believes that Women should have right to vote + in the social security program.

Study human society and history. How can be with nature? How do people make their living?

ECONOMIC DETERMINISM - economic order provides the foundation for all of society's other institutions. Believed in a society where people contribute willingly and take only what they need.

COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS – Misidentifying place in society, associating with those that exploit
RELIGION provides sense of FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS and allows people to exploit – OPIATE OF THE MASSES
Term
False consciousness
Definition
place in society, associating with those that exploit
RELIGION provides sense of FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS and allows people to exploit – OPIATE OF THE MASSES

DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY – groups struggle over resources, conflict is natural. Thought US could have advanced capitalism
Term
Dialectal Philosophy
Definition
groups struggle over resources, conflict is natural. Thought US could have advanced capitalism
Term
Social solidarity
Definition
Social bonds link members of group. People in society are glued together by belief systems. Social deviance – actions in violence. Society confirms normality by labeling deviants.
Society is subject to be studied separate from the sum of individuals
Term
Weber is the founder of what perspectives?
Definition
Interactionist and conflict perspective
Term
Weber
Definition
Democratic society designed after US and GB in Germany. Versailles Treaty makes Germany fall. Germany takes blame for WWII, pay reparations.

Believed in scientific method. Need to put yourself in other peoples’ shoes to understand society and behavior – INTERACTIONISM
Social life filled with conflict and struggles. Religion is important in economic systems
Ideology = extremely powerful
Term
Hitler
Definition
Dictator. 2 problems: Versailles, reparations bankrupting economy. Internal problem: Jewish people - #1 scapegoat since 70 AD.
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
large numbers of people, property, $ to accomplish tasks
Term
Protestant Ethic
Definition
primary moving force of capitalist system - belief in hard work, self discipline, individualism
Term
Ideology
Definition
Set of beliefs explain social arrangements
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
corrputions of true doctrine - protested - excommunicated

purchasing of indulgences - pay for spot in heaven - forgiveness of sin.

sin of usery - charging people too much

"just price" determined by civil and church officials - acceptable price for standard of living
Term
3 estates of medieval/futile period
Definition
clergy - pray for souls. well fed + clothes - no labor. leisure

Nobility - protectors of society. military. no labor. leisure

Commoners - 90+% of population. manual labor
Term
Andrew Carnege
Definition
established system of libraries, increased literacy.
Term
Robber barons
Definition
owned control of government, means of production, dictated policy. senators elected by state legislators. monopolies - drove all competition out of business. people were very poor, esp. miners.
Term
Progressives
Definition
Promoted public education, womens suffrage, quality products, child labor laws, sanitation laws, labor unions, prohibition, etc.
Term
Ward
Definition
Against social darwinism, because no empirical basis of support

opportunity - need to have opportunity for young people willing to do well in society. public education!
Term
MARX
Definition
RADICAL
Society = beyond change
Socialist utopia
radical revolution - blood
people aren't bad! society just corrupts!
Term
Ward
Definition
LIBERAL
reform
need change
constitutional democracy
Term
Durkheim
Definition
Status quo
constitutional democracy
Term
Hobbes
Definition
People = bad
strong leaders (dictators) needed
strong constraints
status quo ante
dictatorship
Term
List 3 Sociological Frameworks
Definition
FUNCTIONALISM – Society is stable. Objective. Fixed social roles. Inequality = inevitable. Social order – consensus. Social change – reach equilibrium. Conservative, underplays power differences.
CONFLICT THEORY – Society is hierarchy. Objective. Individuals are slaves to society. Inequality = struggle over resources. Social order – cohesion and power. Social change – conflict and struggle. Understates the degree of cohesion and stability.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION – imaginary society. Subjective. Individuals and society are independent. Inequality demonstrated with symbols. Social order – collective belief. Social change – relationships. Weak analysis of inequality. Too subjective!
Term
Functionalism
Definition
Society is stable. Objective. Fixed social roles. Inequality = inevitable. Social order – consensus. Social change – reach equilibrium. Conservative, underplays power differences.
Term
Conflict theory
Definition
Society is hierarchy. Objective. Individuals are slaves to society. Inequality = struggle over resources. Social order – cohesion and power. Social change – conflict and struggle. Understates the degree of cohesion and stability.
Term
Symbolic interaction
Definition
imaginary society. Subjective. Individuals and society are independent. Inequality demonstrated with symbols. Social order – collective belief. Social change – relationships. Weak analysis of inequality. Too subjective!
Term
Jane Addams
Definition
Social action + intervention, womens rights, poor, child labor, refused nobel peace prize, hull house
Term
W.E.B. Du Bois
Definition
African american. civil rights movement, formed NAACP. social policy and intervention
Term
List 4 types of knowledge
Definition
TRADITIONAL – (weber) – It is custom; therefore, it is true.
CHARISMATIC – Person had special powers + insight; therefore, what they say is true. Example: Roman followers – Jesus. Need followers to be taken seriously.
EXPERIMENTAL – based on personal observation + first hand experience. “I saw it, have done it; therefore, it is true.”
SCIENTIFIC – empirical. Scientific method. Logic and ethic. SIR FRANCIS BACON
Term
Traditional knowledge
Definition
(weber) – It is custom; therefore, it is true.
Term
Charismatic knowledge
Definition
Person had special powers + insight; therefore, what they say is true. Example: Roman followers – Jesus. Need followers to be taken seriously.
Term
Experimental knowledge
Definition
based on personal observation + first hand experience. “I saw it, have done it; therefore, it is true.”
Term
Scientific knowledge
Definition
empirical. Scientific method. Logic and ethic. SIR FRANCIS BACON
Term
Logic of cause and effect
Definition
Correlation – A @ B not causation alone
Temporal order – A before B
Nonrandom – A @ B is not accidental. Have others found similar patterns?
Nonspurious – A @ B is not caused by another variable.
Term
List 4 research designs
Definition
EXPERIMENTAL – Can control cause/effect. Example: porn and violence. IV: type of film (porn- consensual or not) DV: Willingness to punish other people
SURVEY – Questionnaires and interviews. Questions are difficult to write, time consuming interviews, biased if interviewers not trained. People can lie; socially desired response, memory decay: people forget/distort memories.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES – Most difficult. Need to use deception. Need to avoid “going native,” becoming like them. Need good memory and observational skills.
ARCHIVAL/EXISTING RECORDS – test hypothesis using old data. Collected by nonscientists, so unanswered questions. Biased organization records, to make them look good.
Term
Experimental research designs
Definition
Can control cause/effect. Example: porn and violence. IV: type of film (porn- consensual or not) DV: Willingness to punish other people
Term
Surveys
Definition
Questionnaires and interviews. Questions are difficult to write, time consuming interviews, biased if interviewers not trained. People can lie; socially desired response, memory decay: people forget/distort memories.
Term
Observational studies
Definition
Most difficult. Need to use deception. Need to avoid “going native,” becoming like them. Need good memory and observational skills.
Term
ARCHIVAL/EXISTING RECORDS
Definition
test hypothesis using old data. Collected by nonscientists, so unanswered questions. Biased organization records, to make them look good.
Term
Functionalism
Definition
Society = organism

Macro - entire societies, religion, organization, etc. Made up of subsystems and parts.

Social bonds - people depend on each other. agreement in norms and viewpoints

Queries - Conservative

Founders: COMTE, SPENCER, DURKHEIM, PARSONS
Term
Conflict theory
Definition
Society – Arena: groups and individuals compete for resources
Level of analysis: macro - entire societies, religion, organization, etc. Made up of subsystems and parts.
Social Bonds – Coercion, subtle mind control. Find benefits.
Founders – MARX, WEBER, MILLS
Term
Interactionism
Definition
Society – social mosaic: society=label for conflict. Complex social interaction. Can predict interaction well.
Level of analysis: Micro – group relationships, cliques, small groups, etc.
Social bonds – symbolic interaction (shared definitions of social reality) – share definitions of time and realtity.
Queries: How do individual and small groups interact with society?
Founders: WEBER, MEAD, COOLEY, THOMAS(People act on perception, not reality. Bias, baggage, define situation. And behavior)
Term
Founders of Functionalism
Definition
Comte
Spencer
Durkheim
Parsons
Term
Founders of Conflict theory
Definition
Marx
Weber
Mills
Term
Founders of interactionism
Definition
Weber
Mead
Cooley
Thomas
Term
Research model
Definition
1. Define the problem – What are you studying?
2. Review the literature – look @ past research
3. Formulate hypothesis – What causes what?
4. Choose a research design – relates to problem, which is best? What resources do you have?
5. Collect data
6. Analyze the results and draw a conclusion
7. Write a report
Term
Theory
Definition
set of statements that explain relationship between phenomena or events
Term
Regression analysis
Definition
look @ multiple indicators and their effect on DV
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