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Sociology A Down to Earth Approach Test 3 Ch 7-10 Key People
Key People
46
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
05/24/2011

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Term
Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore
Definition
these functionalists developed the theory of stratification that suggests inequality is universal because it helps societies survive by motivating the most qualified members of society to strive to fill the most important social positions. (p. 169)
Term
John Kenneth Galbraith
Definition
This economist argued that the Least Industrialized Nations remain poor because their own culture holds them back. (p. 181)
Term
Michael Harrington
Definition
Harrington saw that colonialism had been replaced by neocolonialism. (p. 182)
Term
Martha Huggins
Definition
She has studied poverty in the Least Industrialized Nations. (p. 175)
Term
Gerhard Lenski
Definition
Offered a synthesis of the functionalist and conflict views of stratification. (p. 171)
Term
Gerda Lerner
Definition
Historian noted that women were the first people who were enslaved as a result of war and conquest. (p. 163)
Term
Oscar Lewis
Definition
The anthropologist who first suggested the reason some people are poor is because they live in a vulture of poverty. (p. 181)
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
Marx concluded that social class depended exclusively on the means of production; an individual's social class depended on whether or not he owned the means of production. (p. 167)
Term
Gaetano Mosca
Definition
Argued that every society is inevitably stratified by power. (p. 170)
Term
Melvin Tumin
Definition
The first to offer a criticism of the functionalist view on stratification. (p. 169)
Term
Immanuel Wallerstein
Definition
Proposed a world system theory to explain global stratification. (p. 180)
Term
Max Weber
Definition
Argued that social class was based on three components- class, status, and power. (p. 168)
Term
William Domhoff
Definition
Drawing upon the work of C. Wright Mills, he analyzed the workings of the ruling class (p. 192)
Term
Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl
Definition
developed a more contemporary stratification model based on Max Weber's work (p. 196)
Term
Ray Gold
Definition
In research on status inconsistency, studied tenant reactions to janitors who earned more than they did. Found that the tenants acted "snooty" to the janitors, and at the same time the janitors took pleasure in knowing then intimate details of the tenants' lives. (p. 193)
Term
Daniel Hellinger and Dennis Judd
Definition
In analyzing the exercise of power in the United States, suggest that there is a "democratic facade" that conceals the real sources of power within this society (p. 192)
Term
Elizabeth Higginbotham and Lynn Weber
Definition
Studied mobility patterns for women. Found that those women who experienced upward mobility were most likely to have strong parental support to defer marriage and get an education (p. 202)
Term
Gerhard Lenski
Definition
Noted that everyone wants to maximize their status, but are often judged on the basis of their lowest status despite the individual's efforts to be judged on the basis of their highest status. (p. 193)
Term
C. Wright Mills
Definition
Used the term power elite to describe the top decision makers in the nation (p. 192)
Term
Max Weber
Definition
Expanded the concept of social class beyond economics-one's relationship to the means of production-to include power and prestige as well (p. 188)
Term
Erik Wright
Definition
Proposed an updated version of Marx's theory of stratification (p. 196)
Term
Theodor Adorno
Definition
Identified the authoritarian personality type. (p. 223)
Term
Kathleen Blee
Definition
demonstrated that racism was the result, not the cause, of belonging to racist social groups (p. 220)
Term
Emery Cowen
Definition
In an experiment, this psychologist found that students directed frustrations onto people who had nothing to do with their problem (p. 223)
Term
N. Dasgupta, and A.G. Greenwald
Definition
discovered that negative stereotypes of race are associated with certain colors for all races (pp. 220-221)
Term
Ashley Doane
Definition
Identified four factors that affect an individual's sense of ethnic identity (p. 218)
Term
John Dollard
Definition
First suggested that prejudice is the result of frustration and scapegoats become the targets for people's frustrations (p. 223)
Term
W.E.B. DuBois
Definition
Famous black scholar who stressed the salience of race in the United States, and supported the notion of a split labor market (p. 224)
Term
Raphael Ezekiel
Definition
Discovered the basic ideology of the KKK, and the social psychological reasons members joined (p. 220)
Term
Eugene Hartley
Definition
Known for his work on prejudice, Hartley found that people who are prejudiced against one racial or ethnic group tend to be prejudiced against others and that prejudice is not necessarily based on personal negative experiences. (p.220)
Term
Ashley Montagu
Definition
Pointed out that some scientists have classified humans into two races while others have identified as many as two thousand. (p. 214)
Term
Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut
Definition
Looked at the impact that immigration has had on our country, noting that there has always been an anti-immigrant sentiment present (p. 242)
Term
Barbara Reskin
Definition
Examined the results of affirmative action, concluding that it has had only a modest impact on hiring, promotion, and college admissions. (p 242)
Term
Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif
Definition
Researched the functions of prejudice and found that it builds in-group solidarity. (p. 224)
Term
William Wilson
Definition
Known for his work on racial discrimination, argues that class is a more important factor than race in explaining patterns of inequality. (p. 236)
Term
Louis Wirth
Definition
Offered a sociological definition of a minority group. (p. 217)
Term
Robert Butler
Definition
Coined the term "ageism" to refer to prejudice, discrimination, and hostility directed against people because of their age. (p. 272)
Term
Janet Chafetz
Definition
Studied the second wave of feminism in the 1960s, noting that as large numbers of women began to work in the economy, they began to compare their working conditions with those of men. (p. 257)
Term
Elaine Cumming and William Henry
Definition
Developed disengagement theory to explain how society prevents disruption when the elderly vacate their positions of responsibility. (p. 273)
Term
Frederick Engels
Definition
A colleague of Karl Marx and wrote a book about the origins of the family in which he argued that male dominance developed with the origin of private property, (p. 255)
Term
Sue Fisher
Definition
Participatory observation in a hospital uncovered evidence of doctors' recommending unnecessary surgery for female patients (p. 259)
Term
Marvin Harris
Definition
suggested that male dominance grew out of the greater physical strength that men had which made them better suited for the hand-to-hand combat of tribal societies; women became the reward to entice men into battle (p. 255)
Term
Charles Hart
Definition
Did his field work during the 1920s among the Tiwi of Australia (p. 268)
Term
Alison Jagger
Definition
Argued that gender inequality should be a background condition first, rather that a goal (p. 267)
Term
Gerda Lerner
Definition
Suggested that patriarchy may have had different origins in different places around the world (p. 251)
Term
Alice Rossi
Definition
suggested that women are better prepared biologically for "mothering" than are men (p. 248)
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