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SOCIOLOGY 101 FINAL EXAM
Ethnicity and Race
27
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2008

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Term
Race
Definition
a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical. But there are no clear-cut “races,” only a range of physical variations among human beings.
Term
role or race
Definition
To explain how/why social definitions of race persist and change
To explain nature of power relationships between and among racial groups
To understand nature of belief systems about race
Term
Race # 2
Definition
Category of people labeled and treated as similar because of some common biological traits, such as skin color, texture of hair, and shape of eyes
Term
ethnicity
Definition
The sense of community that derives from the cultural heritage shared by a category of people with common ancestry (race, religion, national origin)
--may be viewed as an “option,” as individuals have some choice in whether they want to claim/adopt their ethnicity
Term
Situational ethnicity
Definition
people may assert their ethnic identity at some times but not at others
Term
Symbolic ethnicity:
Definition
occurs when members of an ethnic group assimilate into the larger culture
Term
racism
Definition
is the belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and mental capacities and that can therefore be ranked as superior or inferior
--can operate on an interpersonal or cultural level and on a macrostructural level in social institutions
--This presumption of inferiority and superiority translates into the unequal distribution of society’s resources – eg., wealth, power, and prestige
Term
personal racism
Definition
Expression of racist attitudes or behaviors by individual people – derogatory names, poor treatment, avoidance, threats or acts of violence

Motivated by two psychological constructs – stereotypes and prejudice – and is expressed through discrimination
Term
Institutional racism
Definition
refers to social processes that, intentionally or not, protect the advantages of the dominant group while maintaining the unequal position of the subordinate group
Term
4 themes of Institutional racism
Definition
--History helps to determine present conditions and affects resistance to change
--Discrimination can occur without conscious (individual) bigotry or racism
--Institutional discrimination is more invisible than individual racism
--Institutional discrimination is reinforced because institutions are interrelated
Term
discimination
Definition
behavior that denies members of a particular group resources or rewards tha can be obtained by others
Term
prejudice
Definition
people who are prejudice my not engage in discrimnatory practices againsted others;
--conversely, people may act in a discriminatory fashion toward a group even though they are not prejudiced against it
Term
emigration
Definition
the movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another
Term
assimilation
Definition
acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
Term
minority group
Definition
(or ethnic minority)
--group of people in a minority in a given society who, b/c of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society
Term
multiculturalism
Definition
combination of what used to be different media requiring different technologies (e.g. visuals and sound) on a single medium, such as CDROm or website
Term
pluralism
Definition
a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in the US retain their independent separate identities, yet they share equally in the rights and power of citizen ship
Term
racialization
Definition
process by which understandings of race are sued to classify individuals or groups of people.
--racial distinctions are more that ways of describing human differences; they are also important factors in reproduction of patterns of power and inequality
Term
scapegoat
Definition
an individual or group blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing
Term
explain difference between ethnicity and race
Definition
eace is a social category, common biological traits, skin color, enthnicity, cultural similarities, religion, race
Term
What does the term racialization refer to?
Definition
using understandings of race to clarify individuals/groups
Term
how does prejudice operate in society
Definition
opinions/attitudes held by members of one group to another, can be negative/positive. Based on hearsay rather than evidence
Term
what are hispanics and blacks considered to be minority groups in American society?
Definition
b/c they are disadvantaged. Hispanics speak spanish makes them a minority. Blacks are less im populations, isolated from larger community, can't afford school
Term
what are four trends likely to characterize migration in the near future:
Definition
1. acceleration: migration across border is growing
2. aversification: countries recieve all types of immigrants
3. globalization: more global, more countries
4. feminization; women migrating
Term
whic group is the largest ethnic minority group in american society?
Definition
native americans
Term
how do massey and denton explain the persistence of residential segregation
Definition
compare/blame it on racial segregation that has carried over persitence of racial poverty
Term
some sociology argue that racial inequalities should be explained in terms of class rather than race. Do you agree w/this persepctive? What are some of the problems associated w/social class-based expxlanations of racial inequalities?
Definition
There are class inequalities too--race & class can't be separated
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