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socio midterm
n/a
80
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2011

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sociological Perspective
Definition
Understanding human behavior by placing it within it broader social context
Term
Society
Definition
People who share a culture and a territory
Term
Social Location
Definition
The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
Term
Science
Definition
the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
The use of objective, systematic observations to test theories
Term
Positivism
Definition
The application of the scientific method to the social world
Term
Sociology
Definition
The scientific study of society and man behavior
Term
Class Conflict
Definition
Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
Term
Proletariat
Definition
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
Term
Social Integration
Definition
The degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared norms, values, behavior, and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion
Term
Basic Sociology
Definition
Sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups; also called pure sociology
Term
Applied Sociology
Definition
The use of sociology to solve problems- from the micro level of classroom interactions and family relationships to the macro level of crime and population
Term
Public Sociology
Definition
Sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective (of how things relate to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers
Term
Theory
Definition
a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
Term
Symbolic Interactionism
Definition
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
Term
Functional Analysis
Definition
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to societies equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism
Term
Conflict Theory
Definition
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
Term
Macro Level
Definition
an examination of large scale patterns of society
Term
Micro Level
Definition
an examination of small scale patterns of society
Term
Social Interaction
Definition
What people do when they are in one another's presence
Term
Nonverbal Interaction
Definition
Communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
Term
Variables
Definition
a factor though to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another
Term
Operational Definitions
Definition
the way in which a researcher measures a variable
Term
Research Methods
Definition
one of six procedures that sociologists use to collect data; surveys, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures; also called a research design
Term
Validity
Definition
the extent to which an operational definition measures measures what it is intended to measure
Term
Reliability
Definition
The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results
Term
Survey
Definition
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
Term
Population
Definition
a target group to be studied
Term
Sample
Definition
the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
Term
Random Sample
Definition
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being studied
Term
Stratified Random Sample
Definition
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research
Term
Respondents
Definition
People who respond to a survey, either by interviews or by self-administered questionnaires
Term
Closed-ended Questions
Definition
Questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
Term
Open-Ended Questions
Definition
Questions that respondents answer in their own words
Term
Rapport
Definition
A feeling of trust between the researcher and the people they are studying
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
Participating in a research setting in order to observe what is happening what is happening in that setting; also called fieldwork
Term
Case Study
Definition
an intensive analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
Term
Secondary Analysis
Definition
the analysis of data that has been collected by other researchers
Term
Documents
Definition
in its narrow sense , written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, and so on
Term
Experiments
Definition
the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation
Term
Experimental Groups
Definition
the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable
Term
Control Group
Definition
the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
Term
Unobtrusive Measures
Definition
ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
Term
Values
Definition
the standards in which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Term
Value Free
Definition
The view that a sociologist's personal views or biases should not influence social research
Term
Objectivity
Definition
Value neutrality in research
Term
Replication
Definition
Duplicating some research in order to test its findings
Term
Culture
Definition
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next
Term
Material Culture
Definition
The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
Term
Nonmaterial Culture
Definition
a group's way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction); also known as symbolic culture
Term
Culture Shock
Definition
the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
Term
Ethonocetrism
Definition
Judging other cultures based on ones own
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
Term
Symbol
Definition
Term
Gestures
Definition
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
Term
Language
Definition
a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
Term
Sapir-Wolf Hypothesis
Definition
Term
Norms
Definition
What is expected of people, the expectation (or rules) intended to guide people's behavior
Term
Sanctions
Definition
Term
Positive Sanctions
Definition
A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward
Term
Negative Sanction
Definition
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
Term
folkways
Definition
norms that are not strictly enforced
Term
Mores
Definition
norms that are strictly enforced because they thought essential to core values or the wellbeing of the group
Term
Taboo
Definition
Term
Subculture
Definition
Term
counterculture
Definition
a groups who values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place it members in opposition to the broader culture
Term
Pluralist Society
Definition
a society made up of many different groups
Term
Value Cluster
Definition
Term
Value Contradiction
Definition
Term
Ideal Culture
Definition
a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them
Term
Real Culture
Definition
the norms and values that people actually follow (as opposed to ideal culture)
Term
Technology
Definition
Term
New Technology
Definition
the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social
Term
Cultural Lag
Definition
Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
Term
Cultual Diffusion
Definition
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial traits
Term
Cultural Leveling
Definition
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations
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