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Details Title Socio Cultural Anthropology Test 2 Description Chapter Notes, Vocab Total Cards 350 Subject Anthropology Created 10/26/2009

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Term ethnomedicine	Definition the study of cross cultural health systems
Term Western biomedicine	Definition a healing approach based on the modern Western science that emphasizes technology for diagnosing and treating health problems related to the human body
Term disease	Definition in the disease/ illness dichotomy, a biological health problem that is objective and universal
Term illness	Definition in the disease/ illness dichotomy, culturally shaped perceptions and experiences of health problems
Term goati	Definition the Japanese ideal of maintaining bodily intactness in life and death, ensuring rebirth
Term What are the beliefs of the people in Bahia, northeastern Brazil concerning caesarian births?	Definition vaginal births are "primitive," painful, and destructive of a woman's sexuality
Term What is the Euro- America perception of the body?	Definition The popular and scientific thinking emphasizes a separation of mind from the body, hence "mental illness"
Term What are the bases for labeling and classifying health problems?	Definition Cause, vector (the means of transmission), affected body part, symptoms, or combinations of these
Term cultural- specific syndrome	Definition a collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a particular culture or a limited number of cultures
Term somatization	Definition the process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering; also called embodiment
Term What is the mode of livelihood of the Subanun, living in the highlands of Mindanao, in the Philippines?	Definition Horticulturalists
Term What is the classification of skin related health problems called in the Subanum culture?	Definition Nuka
Term susto	Definition fright/ shock disease, a cultural specific syndrome found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live; symptoms include back pain, fatigue, weakness, and lack of appetite
Term susto	Definition fright/ shock disease, a cultural specific syndrome found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live; symptoms include back pain, fatigue, weakness, and lack of appetite
Term ethno- etiologies	Definition culturally specific causal explanations for health problems and suffering
Term structural suffering	Definition human health problems caused by such economic and political situations such as war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty
Term Name a cultural specific syndrome of Western cultures	Definition Anorexia nervosa, or the related condition, bulemia
Term What are the different causal explanations of health problems (ethno- etiologies) in Fiera de Santana?	Definition Natural (humidity, rain, winds, contagion, food, personality, etc) psychosocial (emotions) supernatural (spirits and magic) and socioeconomic (lack of economic resources, proper sanitation, and health services)
Term What are the several layers of causality according to the Feira de Santana?	Definition underlying cause (quarrel), intermediate cause (agrieved party seeking the intervention of a sorcerer), and immediate cause (sorceror casting a spell)
Term What is soufriendo del agua?	Definition Anxiety due to lack of access to secure and clean water in the Valley of Mexico, especially low income people, and specifically women
Term What is awas?	Definition A common childhood illness among the Maya of Guatemala signified by lumps under the skin, marks on the skin, or albinism. Led to the tradition of Maya being extremely considerate toward pregnant women
Term How do the people of Northern India protect themselves from malevolent spirits?	Definition Tying strings around different parts of their bodies
Term How do the Thai people protect their men from the widow ghosts?	Definition Giant penises are displayed as decoys, with which sexually starved spirits can satisfy themselves, leaving the men unharmed.
Term What is the Ju'/hoansi system of healing?	Definition Community healing involving an all night dance in which num, the spiritual energy, is activated by the spiritual healers
Term What are the benefits of community healing?	Definition Solidarity and group sessions support mental and physical health, the drama and energy of the dances strengthen the afflicted, and the dances support members of the community who may be ill or grieving
Term community healing	Definition healing which emphasizes the social context as a key component and which is carried out within the public domain
Term humoral healing	Definition healing that emphasizes balance among natural elements within the body. characteristic of the middle east, the mediterranean, and much of asia
Term According to the Orang Asli this causes mortality	Definition Excessive heat (coolness is vital for health), this justifies their rejection of agriculture
Term shaman/ shamanka	Definition a male or female healer
Term phytotherapy	Definition healing through the use of plants
Term Describe the healers of the Ainu people of northern Japan	Definition These healers are men who have a special ability to go into a sort of seizure called imu
Term Describe the training of non Western shaman	Definition they must make dangerous journeys, through trance or use of drugs, to the spirit world
Term What is the demarcation of healers in Western societies?	Definition white lab coats
Term What is the demarcation of healers in Siberia?	Definition A tambourine for calling the spirits
Term What factor affects the payment given to midwives in India?	Definition Midwives receive double the payment for the birth of son versus the birth of a daughter
Term Concerning child birth, this recent government campaign in Costa Rica caused this to happen...	Definition 98% of all births taking place in hospitals, eliminating the use of midwives
Term Rather than the formal education of mothers among the Tsimane of Bolivia's northeastern Amazon region, this contributed to the health of children	Definition knowledge of healthy plant foods
Term This popular fiesta in Bolivia is on UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage	Definition El carnival de Oruro
Term The waters of the Dead Sea are believed to relieve these types of ailments	Definition skin diseases
Term The Andean people of South America use this plant to treat gastrointestinal problems, sprains, swellings, and colds	Definition Coca
Term What type of data is collected in the ecological/ epidemiological approach of medical anthropology?	Definition Quantitative and etic
Term In China who has the highest rate of hookworm?	Definition Rice cultivators who are exposed to night soil (human excrement used as fertilizer)
Term Of settled or pastoralist Turkana men in northwest Kenya, these men are more inclined towards poor health..	Definition Settled Turkana, who are shorter ad have greater body mass than the taller, slimmer pastoralists
Term What are the causes of the increased incidence of tuberculosis in the United States?	Definition Crowding, poverty, poor housing, and lack of access to health care
Term historical trauma	Definition the intergenerational transfer of the negative effects of colonialism from parents to children, associated with substance abuse
Term Claude Levi- Strauss used his observations of this tradition to explain the interpretivist approach to medical anthropology...	Definition The Kuna Indians of Panama sang a song to help women through a difficult delivery
Term interpretivist approach to medical anthropolgy	Definition healing systems provide meaning to people who are experiencing seemingly meaningless forms of suffering
Term placebo effect or meaning effect	Definition a positive result from a healing method due to a symbolic or otherwise nonmaterial factor
Term critical medical anthropology	Definition approach within medical anthropology involving the analysis of how economics and political structures shape people's health status, their access to health care, and the prevailing medical systems that exist in relation to them
Term medicalization	Definition labeling a particular issue or problem as medical and requiring medical treatment when, in fact, that problem is economic or political ex. people of Bom Jesus in Pernambuco
Term What is schistosomiasis?	Definition a disease caused by the presence of a parasitic worm in the blood system, especially prevalent in sub- Saharan countries in Africa
Term Due to the presence of Western mountaineers, Sherpa men have take over this type of employment?	Definition Guides and porters for trekkers and climbers
Term These are considered to be the causes of the Kyasanur forest disease...	Definition human modification of the ecosystem through deforestation and the introduction of large- scale cattle raising
Term disease of development	Definition a health problem caused or increased by economic development activities that affect the environment and people's relationship with it
Term These are the different forms of healing therapies available to the Sherpa people of Nepal	Definition Orhtodox Buddhist practitioners (lamas who cure through blessings) or Tibetan humoral healing, shamanic practitioners who perform divination ceremonies, and biomedical practitioners originally introduced to the region to serve tourists
Term medical pluralism	Definition the existence of more than one health system in a culture, or a government policy to promote the integration of local healing systems into biomedical practice
Term applied medical anthropology	Definition the application of anthropological knowledge to furthering the goals of health care providers
Term Why are the people of India suspicious of vaccinations?	Definition They believe these programs are clandestine family planning programs
Term Claude Levi Strauss is associated with which approach to medical anthropology?	Definition interpretivist
Term What are the three theoretical approaches to medical anthropology?	Definition The ecological/ epidemiological, interpretivist, and critical
Term How has the mode of livelihood changes for the Sherpa of Nepal since the 1920s?	Definition With the coming of Western mountaineers, the men have become guides and porters for the trekkers and climbers, while the women work as cooks, food servers, and cleaners. (Before mainly small businesses, animal herding, and farmers)
Term What was the discovery about lead poisoning among Mexican American children, made by applied medical anthropologist Robert Trotter?	Definition A traditional healing remedy, azarcon, contained lead which treated a culturally specific syndrome called empacho.
Term kinship system	Definition the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved
Term What is the determining factor of kinship in Western cultures?	Definition "blood" relations are primary
Term What is the determining factor of kinship among the Inuit of Northern Alaska?	Definition Behavior. Those who act like kin are kin
Term kinship diagram	Definition a schematic way of presenting the kinship relationships of an individual, called, ego using a set of symbols to depict all the kin relations of ego
Term descent	Definition the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage
Term bilineal descent	Definition a kinship system in which a child is recognized as being related by descent to both parents
Term unilineal descent	Definition a kinship system that traces descent through only one parent, either the mother or the father
Term patrilineal descent	Definition a kinship system that highlights the importance of men in tracing descent, determining marital residence with or near the groom's family, and providing for inheritance of property through the male line
Term matrilineal descent	Definition a kinship system that highlights the importance of women by tracing descent through the female line, favoring marital residence with or near the bride's family, and providing for property to be inherited through the female line
Term marriage	Definition a union between two people (usually), who are likely to be, but are not necessarily, coresident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative
Term incest taboo	Definition a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin
Term endogamy	Definition marriage within a particular group or locality
Term parallel cousin	Definition offspring of either one's father's brother or one's mother's sister
Term cross- cousin	Definition offspring of either one's father's sister or one's mother's brother
Term exogamy	Definition marriage outside a particular group or locality
Term brideservice	Definition a form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain period of time before returning home with the bride
Term monogamy	Definition marriage between two people
Term polygamy	Definition marriage involving multiple spouses
Term family	Definition a group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing
Term household	Definition a group of people, who may or may not be related by kinship, who share living space
Term nuclear household	Definition a domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or partners), with or without children
Term extended household	Definition a coresidential group that comprises more than one parent- child unit
Term stem household	Definition a coresidential group that comprises only two married couples related through males, commonly found in East Asian cultures (also known as "ie")
Term matrifocality	Definition a household pattern in which a female (or females) is the central, stable figure around whom other members cluster
Term social group	Definition a cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinship
Term primary group	Definition a related social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis
Term secondary group	Definition people who identify with each other on some basis but may never meet with one another personally
Term age set	Definition a group of people close in age who go though certain rituals, such as circumcision, at the same time (foragers and pastoralists)
Term youth gang	Definition a group of young people, found mainly in urban areas, who are often considered a social problem by adults and law enforcement officials
Term social stratification	Definition hierarchical relationships between different groups as though they were arranged in layers, or "strata"
Term ascribed position	Definition a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth
Term achieved position	Definition a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action
Term status	Definition a person's position, or standing, in society
Term mechanical solidarity	Definition social bonding among groups that are similar
Term organic solidarity	Definition social bonding among groups with different abilities and resources
Term mestizaje	Definition literally, racial mixture; in Central and South America, indigenous people who are cut off from their Indian roots, or literate and successful indigenous people who retain some traditional cultural practices
Term diaspora population	Definition a dispersed group of people living outside their original homeland
Term caste system	Definition a form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person's birth into a particular group
Term dalit	Definition the preferred name for the socially defined lowest groups in the Indian caste system, meaning "oppressed" or "ground down"
Term civil society	Definition the collection of interest groups that function outside the government to organize economic and other aspects of life
Term power	Definition the capacity to take action in the face of resistance, through force if necessary
Term authority	Definition the ability to take action based on a person's achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation
Term influence	Definition the ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some group
Term political organization	Definition the existence of groups for purposes of public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats
Term brand	Definition the political organization of foraging groups, with minimal leadership and flexible membership
Term tribe	Definition a political group that comprises several brands or lineage groups, each with similar language and lifestyle and occupying a distinct territory
Term segmentary model	Definition type of political organization in which smaller units unite in the face of external threats and then disunite when the external threat is absent (pastoralists)
Term big man or big woman system	Definition a form of political organization midway between tribe and chiefdom involving reliance on the leadership of key individuals who develop a political following through personal ties and redistributive feasts (Melanesia)
Term moka	Definition a strategy for developing political leadership in highland Papau New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further gift giving occurs
Term chiefdom	Definition a political unit of permanently allied tribes and villages under one recognized leader
Term matriarchy	Definition a society in which women are dominant in terms of economics, politics, and ideology
Term in- kind taxation	Definition a system of mandatory noncash contributions to the state
Term faction	Definition a politically oriented group with strong lateral ties to a leader
Term nation	Definition a group of people who share a language, culture, territorial base, political organization, and history
Term critical legal anthropology	Definition an approach within legal anthropology that examines how law and judicial systems serve to maintain and expand dominant power interests rather than protecting marginal and less powerful people
Term social control	Definition processes that maintain orderly social life, including informal and formal mechanisms
Term norm	Definition a generally agreed- upon standard for how people should behave, usually unwritten and learned unconsciously
Term law	Definition a binding rule created through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by threat of punishment
Term policing	Definition the exercise of social control through processes of surveillance and the threat of punishment related to maintaining social order
Term trial by ordeal	Definition a way of determining innocence or guilt in which the accused person is put to a test that may be painful, stressful, or fatal (being burnt is a sign of guilt)
Term legal pluralism	Definition a situation in which more than one way exists of defining acceptable and unacceptable behavior and ways to deal with the latter
Term banditry	Definition a form of aggressive conflict that involves socially patterned theft, usually practiced by a person or group of persons who are socially marginal and who may gain a mythic status
Term feuding	Definition long-term, retributive violence that may be lethal between families, groups of families, or tribes
Term revolution	Definition a political crisis prompted by illegal and often violent actions of subordinate groups that seek to change the political institutions or social structure of society
Term critical military anthropology	Definition the study of the military as a power structure in terms of its roles and internal social dynamics
Term the cross- cultural variations in causal explanations for health problems and suffering is called	Definition ethno- etiology
Term The goal of the ecological/epidemiological approach in medical anthropology is to	Definition examine regional and social factors affecting the distribution of disease.
Term An important disease in the depopulation of the "New World" during European colonialism was	Definition all of the above (measles, smallpox, typhus)
Term The Kyasanur Forest Disease epidemic in South India was	Definition caused by economic development
Term Critical medical anthropologists who have studied Western medical school training say that its learning pattern is characterized by	Definition all of the above (objectifying patients, sleep deprivation of students, tunnel vision of knowledge, fostering admiration for and reliance upon technology)
Term An example of the concept of medicalization is	Definition b. treating illnesses that are caused by poverty with pills instead of by improving people's economic status.
Term ethnomedicine refers to	Definition the health systems of particular cultures
Term Clinical medical anthropology is the branch of medical anthropology that	Definition seeks to make its knowledge useful to medical practitioners
Term Awas is an example of	Definition a culture- bound syndrome
Term The study of the use of healing plants in different cultures is called	Definition ethnobotany
Term hand trembling	Definition a diagnostic technique
Term shamanic healing is characterized by	Definition communication by the healer with the spirit world as part of diagnosis and healing.
Term The increasing prevalence of schistosomiasis is attributed to	Definition construction of high dams and irrigation
Term Medical anthropologists would consider the hanging of wooden phalluses on houses in rural northern Thailand as	Definition an example of a non-biomedical preventive practice
Term medical pluralism refers to the	Definition the co-existence of more than one medical system in a particular context
Term susto is associate with which culture?	Definition Latino populations
Term In northern Thailand, carved wooden phalluses were intended to	Definition protect the men from a ghost attack
Term An example of phytotherapy is	Definition all of the above (medicinal chewing of coca leaves, use of hyssop for asthma, drinking a mate)
Term Compared to a household, a family always includes people	Definition who are related by kinship
Term the presence of polyandry is associated with	Definition a high value on men's labor
Term According to the textbook, kinship is mainly based on which three factors?	Definition descent, sharing, and marriage
Term cross- cultural research shows that the incest taboo	Definition forbids marriage or sexual intercourse with certain relatives
Term The marital residence pattern typical in North America is	Definition neolocality
Term unilineal descent systems	Definition exclude some very close "blood" relatives from ego's kin group
Term dowry refers to	Definition gifts from the bride's family to the new couple or the groom's family
Term Cross-cultural research on widowhood and widowerhood reveals that	Definition a double standard applies to widows and widowers
Term the stem household is most common in	Definition East Asia (China and Japan)
Term adoption is an example of kinship established through	Definition sharing
Term The system of descent in which kinship is traced through the male line is called	Definition patrilineal
Term Small, isolated nuclear households tend to be most prevalent in which culture?	Definition euro- americans
Term Patrilocal residence for married couples is most associated with	Definition a mode of production that involves immovable resources such as agricultural land.
Term One theory mentioned in the textbook that has been proposed to explain the existence of woman-headed households (that do not have a resident male) among African-Americans is	Definition the scarcity of males in the population
Term In the United States, a trend in household formation is	Definition the declining size of the average household
Term The Minangkabau people are the world’s largest _________________ culture?	Definition matrilineal
Term The Minangkabau people	Definition often have men and boys live in separate structures.
Term which of the following is an achieved status?	Definition college student
Term friendship is	Definition likely to be cultural universal, though we lack sufficient research to be sure
Term Anthropological research among prisoners with short-term sentences shows that	Definition they are unlikely to develop friendships
Term the major factor determining a person's caste position in india is	Definition birth
Term Rituals are not important in establishing and reinforcing bonding in which group?	Definition non of the above (this includes body piercers, sororities, age sets, and youth gangs)
Term the term dalit refers to	Definition the most oppressed social category in India
Term Stack's study of low-income urban African Americans in the U.S. documented	Definition the role of friendship in providing a security net especially for women.
Term a common source of bonding among friends cross culturally is	Definition all of the above (this includes shared stories, balanced exchange, social equality, and trust)
Term The Chinese Women's Movement	Definition all of the above (this includes is a state created organization, has helped improve women's literacy rates in china, cannot be studied openly because of restraints imposed by the Chinese government, and is overseen by the government at all levels)
Term Anthropologist Stuart Kirsch describes his role in Papua New Guinea as	Definition all of the above (this includes a form of exchange based on reciprocity, frontline research, becoming a hero to the people he studied, and studying up)
Term In contrast to organic solidarity, mechanical solidarity is based on	Definition similarities in abilities and resources among people or groups.
Term The Roma are a __________________ whose members are discriminated against by "mainstream" society.	Definition diaspora population
Term An ethnography of Alcoholics Anonymous groups in Mexico City revealed that	Definition drinking problems are related to male gender identity
Term In much of Africa, male youths who go through circumcision rituals together and then form social groups with each other called	Definition age sets
Term the belief that rewards go to those that deserve them is called	Definition meritocratic individualism
Term Which of the following statements most accurately describes Roma?	Definition As more Eastern European countries seek to enter the European Union, they are initiating programs to improve Roma living conditions and enacting laws to prevent discrimination.
Term The smallest political unit of South America is	Definition Suriname
Term Anthropological study of local-level politics in rural Japan shows	Definition the importance of gift-giving to the village as a basis of leadership
Term the leader of a band	Definition is little different from anyone else in the group
Term A major challenge that the European Space Agency faces is	Definition internal coordination and communication
Term Big-man/big-woman political leadership is most associated with which mode of production?	Definition hunting
Term David Price’s work in Egypt is an example of	Definition how anthropologists’ work helps inform political decision making
Term The result of new policies by the Iranian government on the Qashqa’i pastoralists was	Definition the withdrawal of support from local Qashaq’i leaders by their followers.
Term Local electoral politics in Burgundy, France, is	Definition influenced by the importance of "family" in electoral success.
Term Anthropologists refer to the oldest form of political organization as	Definition a troop
Term Geographically, big-man and big-woman leadership is most found in	Definition the South Pacific
Term in pastoral societies, leadership tends to be based on	Definition achieved status
Term Which of the following is not generally correlated (associated) with the rise of the state?	Definition equality between men and women
Term A crucial factor in becoming a woman politician in the Republic of Korea ("South Korea") is	Definition having a supportive father
Term Compared to political leaders in bands, leaders of states are less likely to	Definition rely on kinship networks for support
Term A segmentary form of political organization is most associated with which mode of production?	Definition pastoralism
Term An example of a culture with a political system that relies primarily on a leader's ability to redistribute surpluses through personal networks of obligation is	Definition Mt. Hageners
Term Which of the following women has not been a head of state?	Definition Eva Peron
Term Revenge killing is most associated with which form of violence?	Definition feuding
Term The debate among anthropologists about warfare among the Yanomami people mainly concerns	Definition its causes
Term In contrast to norms which are a cultural universal, formal that define proper behavior and that are binding, are mainly found in states.	Definition laws
Term coercive harmony	Definition all of the above (includes emphasizes the need for unity and consensus, is the pressure to suppress critique, is more common in the United States than Europe, is the condition in which debate is undervalued in socierty
Term critical military anthropology addresses	Definition all of the above (including motivations for joining the armed forces, effects of soldiers on the wider society, militarization, post- conflict situations)
Term In band societies, the usual strategy for dealing with people who are violent or do not contribute to the well-being of the group is	Definition public shaming
Term A "critical" perspective on mechanisms of social control emphasizes	Definition how such mechanisms serve to support the ruling class.
Term Research on Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) between nations shows that it	Definition favors the stronger nation involved in the dispute
Term In mountainous areas of Crete, banditry is	Definition an accepted practice of young men as part of their process of becoming adults
Term In middle-class neighborhoods in the United States, most social conflict is significantly associated with	Definition dogs
Term Cross-cultural study of revolutions shows that	Definition none of the above
Term Among Western nations, the highest rate of imprisonment is found in	Definition the United States
Term Cross- culturally, the highest level of militarization is found in	Definition states
Term The area within cultural anthropology that studies legal systems in terms of power issues is called	Definition critical legal anthropology.
Term A prominent "weapon of the weak" used by many Native North Americans against White dominance is	Definition humor
Term A prominent "weapon of the weak" used by many Native North Americans against White dominance is	Definition humor
Term The Māori people of New Zealand represent ___________ of the population.	Definition 15 percent
Term Bangladesh has gained world renown since the later twentieth century for	Definition its success in forming local microcredit groups through an organization called the Grameen Bank, which gives loans to poor people to help them start small businesses
Term friendship	Definition refers to close social ties between at least two people that are informal, voluntary, and involve personal, face-to-face interaction
Term The Tory Island word for "friend" is the same as the word for	Definition "kin" (reflects the cultural context of the small population, all related through kinship)
Term In Andalucia, Spain the term "amigo" refers to	Definition For men, a category of friend with whom one casually interacts, which is acted out and maintained in bars, as men drink together night after night
Term In Andalucia, Spain the term "vecina" refers to	Definition "neighbor" a term used by women to describe their friends. may also use kin terms reflecting women's orientation to family and neighborhood
Term In Andalucia, Spain what does the term amigos(as) del verdad refer to?	Definition "True Friends" those with whom one shares secrets without fear of betrayal. Men have more than women, reflecting their wider social network
Term Male friendship interactions in Guyana take place in what setting	Definition the rumshop
Term Male friendship interaction in Guyana revolve mainly around	Definition the pattern of storytelling, referred to as "turn-at-talk" in which efforts are made to include everyone as a storyteller. This serves to maintain equality and solidarity
Term How do the Jamaican people maintain their friendship relationships	Definition through cell phone use
Term Stack's research of urban African Americans revealed that women maintain a set of friends through	Definition exchange, including swapping goods, sharing child keeping, and giving or lending money and food stamps
Term What is the role of women's clubs in Paramaribo, Suriname?	Definition offer women psychological support, entertainment, and financial help
Term Among indigenous Amazonian groups what is the punishment for a women who enters a man's house	Definition gang rape
Term androphobic	Definition man-hating
Term gynophobic	Definition woman-hating
Term An example of an informal youth gang with no formal leadership hierarchy or initiation rituals	Definition "Masta Liu" in Honiara in the South Pacific
Term What is the unifying feature of the "mata liu"	Definition they are unemployed
Term what are the characteristics of a defiant individualist?	Definition intense competitiveness, mistrust of others, self- reliance, social isolation, and strong survival instinct
Term _____ is an important part of many rites of passage in the world of permanent body modification in California	Definition pain
Term cooperatives	Definition a form of economic group in which surpluses are share among the members and decision making follows the democratic principle of one person/ one vote
Term The revenue of selling this item is an important part of the household income of the Kuna	Definition molas, cloth with appliqued designs (made by Panama's indigenous Kuna women)
Term ascribed positions are based on	Definition one's race, ethnicity, gender, age, and physical ability
Term social class refers to	Definition a person's or group's position in society defined primarily in economic terms
Term class can be both ascribed and achieved because	Definition a person who is born rich has a greater than average chance of living an upper-class lifestyle
Term Marx wrote that these would be the forces of change that would spell the downfall of capitalism	Definition class differences, exploitation of the working class by the owners of capital, class consciousness among workers, and class conflict
Term organic solidarity creates stronger bonds than mechanical solidarity does because	Definition it builds on needs and provides complementary resources to different groups
Term How did Franz Boas contribute to delinking supposed inborn, racial attributes from behavior	Definition by showing that people with the same head size but from different cultures behaved differently and that people with various heads sizes within the same cultures behaved similarly. Culture not biology is the key explanation for behavior
Term What is the Treatment Action Campaign	Definition a program of civil disobedience to prompt that government of South Africa to sign and implement a National Prevention and Treatment plan for HIV/AIDS
Term ethnicity	Definition a sense of group membership based on a shared sense of identity
Term identity	Definition based on the perception of shared history, territory, language, religion, or a combination of these
Term ethnocide	Definition annihilation of the culture of an ethic group by a dominate group (ex the treatment of the Tibetan people by the Chinese government)
Term What was the motivation for African American families to move to Hyde Park	Definition it allowed them access to nearby jobs in factories or as domestic workers
Term environmental justice activism	Definition refers to social movements dedicated to documenting the structural violence and inequality that place certain groups at risk of losing their entitlements to live in a safe and healthy environment and in helping such groups gain compensation or other forms of redress
Term What happened as a result of the industrial pollution in Hyde Park?	Definition the families lost their health, their freedom to use their own property for play, and their economic security
Term Why are the Sikhs more sensitive discrimination than others in Canada?	Definition Sikhism supports a strong sense of honor, which should be protected and, if wronged, avenged
Term Name the four varnas	Definition Brahmans (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (merchants), shudras (laborers)
Term What did Mahatma Gandhi rename the "untouchables"?	Definition harijans
Term jajmani system	Definition a patron- provider system in which landholding patrons are linked, through exchanges of food for services (dominated by the Gujars)
Term CO-MADRES	Definition a group of mothers protesting the atrocities committed by the Salvadoran government and military
Term Stuart Kirsch took an activist role in the issue while conducting research in New Guinea	Definition a region negatively affected by a large copper and gold mine called Ok Tedi mine
Term political anthropology	Definition the subfield of cultural anthropology that focuses on human behavior and thought related to power
Term yogol	Definition a woman with "manly" accomplishments in the Republic of Korea
Term Female political leaders in Korea represent	Definition a notable deviance from the usual gender expectations, however this is not stigmatized
Term clan structure	Definition most people claim descent from a common ancestor
Term confederacy	Definition a loose umbrella organization linking several local tribal units or segments that maintain substantial autonomy
Term What is a crucial factor in big manship in Mt. Hagen?	Definition Having at least one wife
Term Status and worth of a man in Mt. Hagen is measured by this	Definition number of pigs
Term On the island of Vanatinai women and men can gain power and prestige through throwing this type of feast	Definition mortuary feast (feast for the dead)
Term In the South Pacific consider this animal to be sacred and important as a feasting item	Definition sea turtles
Term the yoruba women had the institution of the	Definition iyalode, chief of women, who acted as the spokesperson to the "council of king makers"
Term How do the Iroquois women act in a role of indirect political importance?	Definition Women control production and distribution of maize, and if the women did not want warriors to leave for a particular campaign they would refuse to provide them with maize
Term These are examples of confederacies	Definition Hawaii in the 1700s, the Iroquois league of five nations, the Cherokee of Tennessee, and the Algonquins
Term The tailings from a dam in Romania polluted the water of the Tisza River affecting the population of this country	Definition Hungary
Term state	Definition a centralized political unit encompassing many communities, a bureaucratic structure, and leaders who posses coercive power
Term In pre Columbian Mexico, the central plaza of city states, was symbolically equivalent to	Definition the center of the cosmos
Term The earlier practice of all Chinese leaders wearing a "mao jacket" was symbolic of their	Definition antihierarchical philosophy
Term Intense factionalism in Charleston is sustained by	Definition outside political party patronage and favor giving (vs Mt. Hope, Belize where residents are provided with land and a marketing board)
Term According to Bronislaw Malinowski ____ promote social obligations and social harmony in the Trobriand Islands	Definition social ties
Term In Bali, Indonesia greetings differ depending on	Definition status
Term The Amish and Mennonites rely on ______ to maintain social order	Definition religious teachings and group pressure
Term To help the victims of 9/11 the Massai donated ______ to the United States	Definition 14 cows
Term ostracizing	Definition forcing a person to leave the group
Term In small scale groups, such as the Kalahari foragers, disputes are handled through	Definition discussions or one-on-one fights
Term The presence of the rock art drawing and slogan in an extent San language on the The Coat of Arms of South Africa were meant ti highlight	Definition democratic change and multicultural unity
Term failed states are characterized by	Definition breakdown in law in order, economic deterioration, and the collapse of service delivery
Term This indigenous population of Puerto Rico is now extinct	Definition the Tainos
Term democratization	Definition the process of transformation from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime
Term the transition to democracy is most difficult when	Definition the change is from highly authoritarian socialist regimes
Term This group is an example of women's lost equal political power with men due to colonization	Definition Seneca women
Term What is the Rural Landless Worker's Movement (NSM) in Brazil?	Definition a movement of small farmers untied in a political struggle for social change through pro- poor programs of land redistribution and limitations on state power
Term In the seventeenth century this country was the one core nation dominating world trade	Definition Holland
Term What is the European Space Agency (ESA)?	Definition involves people from different European nations seeking to cooperate in joint ventures in space, and, more indirectly, to promote peaceful relations in Europe
Term The "leopard-skin chief" who plays a key role in decision making about crime and punishment is associated with which group of people?	Definition The Nuer of southern Sudan
Term This policing practice in Japan contributes to their low crime rate	Definition neighborhood police boxes staffed by foot patrolmen and volunteer crime prevention groups organized on a neighborhood basis
Term The Cellular Jail in India's Andaman Islands is appropriately named so because	Definition the jail is characterized by single cells, arranged in rows, to prevent prisoners from engaging in social interaction
Term In a study comparing the Aboriginal versus White youth in the Australian judicial system, it was found that this factor determines each subsequent stage in the system	Definition mode of arrest
Term Rather than punishment, the Nuer of southern Sudan held this belief about prison	Definition it protected the people from a reprisal attack
Term In France this was banned in public schools	Definition Female students wearing traditional head scarves
Term What were the terms of the Treaty of Waitungi?	Definition guarantees the Maori full and exclusive ownership of their land, forests, fisheries, and other "treasured possessions"
Term Male identity is linked to this form of banditry on the island of Crete	Definition sheep stealing
Term Humorous term for banditry mentioned in the textbook	Definition adventure capital accumulation
Term Ilgnot manhood was defined by	Definition the taking of a first head. feuds were structured around head- hunting as redress for an insult or offense
Term Name the two families involved in a long standing feud that has become part of American legend	Definition the Hatfields and McCoys
Term The increase in this type of enterprise, fueled the blood feuds of Thull	Definition commercial logging
Term Due to its strategic location near several world powers, this ares has often been a battleground of other states' interests	Definition central asian states
Term archaeological evidence reveals indicates that warfare emerged during this era	Definition Neolithic era
Term This type of leadership is characterized by high rates of warfare and high casualty rates	Definition chiefdoms
Term just wars	Definition defend values such as freedom or to protect human rights that are defined as such by one country and are being violated by another
Term Marvin Harris's cultural relativist perspective attributes these factors to the violence of the Yanomami	Definition protein scarcity and population dynamics
Term Brian Ferguson attributes the high levels of violence among the yanomami to	Definition to intensified western presence during the preceding 100 years
Term waiteri complex	Definition a set of behaviors and attitudes that includes a fierce political and personal stance for men and forms of individual and group communication that stress aggression and independence
Term List the weapons of the weak	Definition foot dragging, desertion, false compliance, feigned ignorance, slander, theft, arson, sabotage, and humor
Term _____ is a form of Native American cultural resistance to domination by white society	Definition humor
Term What are the three areas of emphasis in medical anthropology?	Definition cultural differences, biomedical studies, and applied medical anthropology
Term This is the staple crop of the Malawi nation	Definition maize
Term This is the indigenous weaning food of the Malawi people	Definition gruel and maize flour
Term This animal is used as a form of currency in Malawi	Definition goats
Term According to the article "Improving Nutrition in Malawi" the Chewa pracitice	Definition matrilineal descent systems and matrilocal residence
Term Anthropologists introduced this type of food in Malawi as a source of protein and a calorie- rich additive	Definition goat's milk
Term The women of Malawi requested that the anthropologists introduce this crop to help them feed their children	Definition soy beans
Term A matrilineal society that lacks marriage completely	Definition Cia Hua
Term ethnonosolgy	Definition cross- cultural labels for health problems
Term Despite the Japanese beliefs about body intactness, there has been a recent incline in this type of surgery	Definition neonatal
Term hikikomori	Definition acute social withdraw among young males in Japan
Term peito aberto	Definition bursting heart related to excessive worry among women in NE Brazil
Term unilineal descent is associated with these modes of livelihood	Definition pastoralism, agriculture, and horticulturalists
Term give an example of a culture characterized by patrilineal descent	Definition berbers of north africa
Term give an example of matrilineal descent	Definition the navajo people of the southwest united states
Term bilineal descent is mainly associated with these modes of livelihood	Definition foragers and industrial/informatics
Term exogamy	Definition marriage out
Term endogamy	Definition marriage within a group
Term hypergany	Definition woman marries up
Term hypogany	Definition woman marries down
Term isogamy	Definition spouses are equal
Term this color is important in chinese weddings	Definition red
Term This item of clothing is important at Scottish weddings	Definition wide brimmed hats
Term Tribes are associated with these modes of production	Definition horticulture and pastoralism
Term Name an example of a tribe	Definition Qashqa’i pastoralists of Iran
Term provide an example of a nation moving for political autonomy	Definition the kurds
Term This is an example of the positive effects letting prisoners practice their culture can have	Definition native americans jailed in canada
Term bood	Definition nobody can do anything they don't want to (ex. semai people of malaysia)
Term Americans define race through	Definition blood
Term when a couple from two different racial categories produces offspring all their children will belong to	Definition the less prestigious category
Term hypodescent is informativa about	Definition ancestry rather than personal appearance
Term Mixed blood discusses the different tipos of these people, who find it difficult to immigrate from their country to the united states	Definition Brazilians
Term what is the evolution of leadership according to life without chiefs	Definition headman, big man, chief,
Term Barabara Jones was able to clear the Bannock Shoshoni women of their misconduct regarding SSI by	Definition testing their levels of english understanding
Term Where does Barbara Jones teach?	Definition Idaho State University in Pocatello
Term ______ was used to determine misconduct in the cremation case.	Definition ethnohistory
Term Who is Eddie Mabo?	Definition An indigenous rights activist in Australia
Term What happened in 1967	Definition Aborigenees got the right to vote in referendum
Term What was the purpose of Mabo v. Queensland?	Definition Mabo was trying to re-claim 36 plots of land for the natives
Term What did Mabo achieve in 1973?	Definition Set up the first black Australian school
Term Malo	Definition God of the island who gave laws to govern their lives
Term what are the three levels of political leadership among the Quashqa'i	Definition subtribe, tribe, and confederacy
Term The kalabit's of malaysia are associated with	Definition the long houses which are rapidly disappearing leading to the "silence"
Term this flower is associated with death and war	Definition roses
Term koro	Definition belief among chinese and southeast asian men that the penis has retracted into the body
Term retired husband syndrome	Definition ulcers, slurred speech, rashes around the eyes, and throat ployps associated with stress incurred by japanese women whose husbands have retired

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