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Social Psych Test 1
N/A
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/06/2013

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Term
two fundamental axioms
Definition
1. we construct our own social reality
2. you are always affected by other people
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
seeing events in history as being more predictable than they actually were
ex. 9/11 or economic issues
Term
epistemology
Definition
study of knowledge
Term
observational research design
Definition
watching behavior(what happens/how often)
-observing patients
Term
correlation research design
Definition
-studies a relationship between two phenomenon (by observing x we can predict y)
-can have a +,-, or no relationship
-surveys often used to gather data
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
a stat that asses how well one variable can be predicted using another
Term
experimental research design
Definition
-focus on causality
-does x cause y, or does y cause x?
Term
reliability
Definition
-freedom from error
-do we get the same results every time?
Term
validity
Definition
how accurate are the assumptions we make?
Term
spotlight effect
Definition
-we see ourselves as the center of attention
-over exaggerate the amount of attention people pay to us
Term
illusion of transparency
Definition
we think our thoughts and emotions are more obvious than they are
Term
individualism
Definition
-identify as self contained
-'you' are more important that the groups you belong to
Term
collectivism
Definition
identify with group memberships
Term
impact bias
Definition
overestimate the emotional impact of events (intensity and duration)
-bad breakup
Term
self-esteem
Definition
our overall evaluation of ourselves
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
how competent we feel about a SPECIFIC task
Term
locus of control
Definition
-do we have control over our lives, or do outside forces?
-internal vs external forces
-to what extent will your actions effect your environment?
Term
Khulechov Effect
Definition
-our perceptions are altered by our memories
-film makers change our emotion by changing the setting
Term
memory
Definition
framework of our associations
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
tendency to misinformation into one's memory after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
Term
belief
Definition
-a mental linkage tying an entity to a property
-the attribute is the property
-the probability is the strength of the belief
-ex.God (god=entity, existence=property)
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
the tendency to continue to believe something even after it has been disproved
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
we look for evidence that supports our beliefs rather than against them
-can be overcome by: prompting feedback, breaking down tasks, thinking about why a belief could be true/wrong
Term
heuristics
Definition
-mental shortcuts
-efficient judgement
-SAVES TIME
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
associating the likeliness of an event in terms of it's availability in memory
-vividness, things easily remembered are thought of to occur more frequently (shark attacks)
-slow to deduce instances from general truth (actually looking at the numbers)
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
assuming someone who resembles a group, is a member of that group
-prejudice
-stereotyping
Term
Monty Hall Paradox
Definition
-3 doors to choose from
-one removed, chance to switch
-66% chance to win if you switch, 33% if you dont
-ignoring the odds
Term
counter factual thinking
Definition
imagine scenarios the COULD have happened
-student happier with B- than a B+
-perception of good/bad luck
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
perceiving a correlation when none exists
-nice person from denver
Term
illusion of control
Definition
false sense of control over an event
-athletes' "lucky" clothing
Term
regression of the mean
Definition
moving toward one's own mean score
Term
attribution
Definition
explaining a person's behavior based on something
Term
misattribution
Definition
explaining a person's behavior based on the wrong thing
Term
dispositional attributions
Definition
attributing behavior to an internal factor
Term
situational attributions
Definition
attributing behavior to an external factor
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error(FAE)
Definition
-tendency to underestimate the situational influence on our behavior
-we think people ARE the way they ACT
Term
Actor-Observer Effect
Definition
we observe others from a different POV than we observe ourselves
Term
self-fulfilling prophecies
Definition
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
-teachers being told that certain students were about to "bloom"
Term
attitude
Definition
a favorable or unfavorable evolution of someone or something
Term
discrimination
Definition
behavior that results from attitudes
Term
3 ways people can respond when asked about attitudes
Definition
1. accurately
2. inaccurately (without intent)
3. inaccurately (with intent)
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
two thoughts or ideas that contradict one another
Term
ways to reduce CD
Definition
-change behavior
-justify behavior by changing one of the cognitions
-justify the behavior by adding a new cognition
Term
self-perception theory
Definition
when we're unsure of our attitudes, we look at our behavior
Term
false consensus
Definition
feeling that more people agree with you than they actually do
Term
false uniqueness
Definition
false sense that there is no one else like you
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
everyone in a group might be upset about something, but nothing is done because they all think they're the only one upset
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
we tend to perceive ourselves favorably
-attributing positive things to ourselves, and negative things to outside causes
Term
self-serving bias as adaptive
Definition
-keeps us from giving up
-helps to avoid depression
Term
self-serving bias as maladaptive
Definition
-causes friction with others
-keeps us from improving
Term
illusory superiority
Definition
we think we are better than average people
-can be done with negative attributes as well
Term
unrealistic optimism
Definition
despite logical knowledge, we find it hard to believe bad things can happen to us
Term
defensive pessimism
Definition
plan for the worst, hope for the best
Term
false consensus effect
Definition
the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions, undesirable/unsuccessful behaviors
Term
self- presentation
Definition
expressing one's self in ways designed to create a favorable impression
-draw attention to our positive attributes
-false modesty
Term
ingratiation
Definition
using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another person
-often a person of higher status
Term
self-handicapping
Definition
preserving your self image by creating excuses for later failure
Term
Major self-handicapping
Definition
creating obstacles that will lead to failure
Term
Minor self-handicapping
Definition
qualifying statements
-can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
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