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Social Psychology exam 2
Marquette
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/10/2012

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Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
A disturbing awareness among members of a negatively stereotyped group that an of their actions or characteristics that fit the stereotype may confirm it as a self-characterization.
Term
Heterosexism
Definition
A system of cultural beliefs, values and customs that exalts heterosexuality and denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any non heterosexual form of behavior or identity.
Term
Sexual prejudice
Definition
Negative attitudes based on sexual orientation whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual
Term
Racism
Definition
prejudice and discrimination based on a persons racial background
Term
Aversive racism
Definition
Attitudes towards members of a racial group that incorporate both:
Egalitarian Social vales and
Negative emotions
Result: Causing one to avoid interactions group members
Response amplification - african americans are lazy and thats why they are lower- so when they see one who is black
Term
Benevolent sexism
Definition
chivalrous attitude toward women that feels favorable but actually casts women as weak creatures in need of men's protection.
Term
Hostile sexism
Definition
antagonistic attitude toward women who are viewed as trying to control men through feminist ideology or sexual seduction.
Term
Sexism
Definition
Any attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates a person because of her or his sex.
Term
Ambivalent sexism
Definition
Sexism based on both positive and negative attitudes (hostility and benevolence), rather than uniform dislike.
Term
System justification theory
Definition
Members of disadvantaged groups often adopt beliefs endorsing the legitimacy and fairness of the unequal group status hierarchy in society
Term
Personal-group discrimination discrepancy
Definition
Tendency for members of disadvantaged groups to minimize personal discrimination in their own lives.
Term
Social Dominance Theory
Definition
A theory contending that societal groups can be organized in a power hierarchy in which the dominant groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society’s assets and the subordinate groups receive most of its liabilities.
Term
Super ordinate goal.
Definition
where the two groups have to work together it is good for reducing prejudice
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
a pattern of increased hostility toward outgroups accompanied by increased loyalty to one’s ingroup.
Term
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Definition
Intergroup conflict develops from competition for limited resources
Term
Authoritarian Personality
Definition
A personality trait characterized by submissiveness to authority, rigid adherence to conventional values, and prejudice toward outgroups.
Term
Stereotype Threat
Definition
A disturbing awareness among members of a negatively stereotyped group that any of their actions or characteristics that fit the stereotype may confirm it as a self-characterization.
Term
Courtesy Stigma
Definition
Tendency for individuals who are associated with stigmatized people to face negative evaluations from others. PEOPLE WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT ARE VIEWED NEGATIVELY AND PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH THEM.
Term
Stigma
Definition
An attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others.
Term
Master Status
Definition
A socially defined position occupied by a person in society that is very important in shaping his or her self-concept and life choices. MALE HEADEREL SEXUAL WHITE
Term
Ingroup Bias
Definition
The tendency to give more favorable evaluations and greater rewards to ingroup members than to outgroup members.
Term
Ingroup
Definition
A group to which we belong and that forms a part of our social identity.
Term
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
Definition
Perception of outgroup members as being more similar to one another than are members of one’s ingroup.
Term
Implicit Prejudice
Definition
Unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes.
Term
Explicit Prejudice
Definition
Prejudicial attitudes that are consciously held, even if they are not publicly expressed.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
A negative and/or patronizing action toward members of a specific social group
Term
Prejudice
Definition
Attitudes toward members of specific groups that directly or indirectly suggest they deserve an inferior social status.
Term
peripheral route
Definition
uses cues irrelevant to message
content to produce relatively thoughtless shift in attitude
attitude change highly susceptible to counterarguments
Term
Two routes to persuasion:
Definition
central, peripheral route
Term
-central route
Definition
uses high message elaboration
can produce attitude change
resistant to counterarguments
Term
Post-Decision Dissonance
Definition
After making a decision, we often feel dissonance regarding possibility of it being wrong.
To reduce dissonance we change our perceptions to make the decision seem more attractive.

after you spend the time and learn about different computers. you think about the positive in the other computers and the negative about your other one, and now are mad. Buyers remorse.
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
assumes we are logical, and keep our actions and attitudes consistant.
Term
Theory of Planned Behavior
Definition
People's conscious decisions to engage in specific actions determined by

-their attitudes toward the behavior
-relevant subjective norms
-their perceived behavioral control
Term
Ego Defense
Definition
helps the person protect himself or herself from acknowledging basic self truths. psychoanalytic
Term
Knowledge
Definition
Helps the person to structure the world so that it makes sense Cognitive
Term
Utilitarian
Definition
helps the person to achieve rewards and gain approval from others Behaviorist
Term
Functional Approach
Definition
People develop and change their attitudes to:
satisfy different psychological needs like the presidential elections.
Term
Self-Perception Theory
Definition
the theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our behavior.
by darrel bemm, social behaviorist. We don’t have a great idea about ourselves. You behave a certain way therefore I must have an attitude consistent with that behavior.
Term
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition
Tendency to develop more positive feelings toward objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them. Walking down the street and feel drawn to someone in a positive way. like the guy in the parking structure at the entrance
Term
Dual Attitudes
Definition
Simultaneous possession of contradictory implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object
Term
Implicit Attitude
Definition
Attitude activated automatically from memory, often without person's awareness that she or he possesses it
Term
Explicit Attitude
Definition
A consciously held attitude
Term
Values
Definition
Enduring beliefs about important life goals that transcend specific situations
Term
Belief
Definition
An estimate of the probability that something is true
Term
Attitude
Definition
A positive or negative evaluation of an object
Term
Self-serving bias
Definition
Tendency to bolster and defend self-esteem by:
-taking credit for positive events
-denying blame for negative events
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
Tendency to overestimate impact of dispositional causes and underestimate impact of situational causes when explaining other people’s behavior
Term
In making attributions you rely on three kinds of information
Definition
consensus information - look to see if other students are reacting the same way as the target high everyone is sleeping, low no one but one is sleeping
Consistency information - Past lectures were they sleeping in other lectures.
Distinctiveness information- does the target person react in a similar way in other stimulus object, does he sleep in class in other classes.
Term
Covariation principle:
Definition
In order for something  it must be present
to be the cause of a when behavior occurs
particular behavior and absent when it
doesn’t occur
Term
Kelley’s Covariation Model
Definition
Term
Rules Guiding Inference
Definition
how Social desirability of behavior
Freedom of choice of behavior
Non common effects of behavior could the results been caused by some other behavior
Term
Correspondent inference
Definition
You infer that actor’s behavior
corresponds to a dispositional(internal stable characteristic) characteristic (internal and stable factor) we are logical thinkers that make rational decisions
Term
Internal Attribution
Definition
Low intelligence, didn’t study enough lack of motivation
Term
Attribution
Definition
Process by which people use information to make inferences about causes of behavior or events
Term
Women higher in
Definition
general expressiveness
-smiling
-decoding accuracy
Term
The Contingent Smile
Definition
Women tend to be more overtly expressive than men, especially in smiling

Although smiles reflect positive affect, people also smile when:
-Embarrassed
-Uncomfortable
-Miserable
Term
Collectivists
Definition
-greater discomfort publicly
Term
Collectivists and individualists
Definition
equal in publicly expressing
positive emotions
Term
Facial Expressions and Seven Primary Emotions
Definition
anger
disgust
fear
happiness
surprise
contempt
sadness
Term
Emotions Facilitate
Definition
Survival
Term
Nonverbal Communication
Definition
Sending and receiving of information using gestures, expressions, vocal cues, and body movements rather than words.
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy?
Definition
Process by which someone's expectations about a person or group leads to the fulfillment of those expectations.
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
after-the-fact overestimation of our ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event
counterfactual thinking
Tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes
Term
Heuristics
Definition
Time-saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules of thumb ex.. walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, it’s a duck
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
based on what they wear, look like, judge people and make a quick decision
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
because they are a member of a social group we think we know them.
Term
Script
Definition
Schema about how series of events likely to occur in well-known situation
Term
Schema
Definition
Organized structure of knowledge about something in memory
-built up from experience
-used to understand and
interpret information
-acts as a cognitive filterI have a schema for watching football
I understand how to wear a hat.
I don’t have a schema for hockey, i don’t understand it.
Term
Motivated-Tactician Model
Definition
We are complex social thinkers
Term
Implicit Cognition
Definition
Judgments or decisions that are under the control of automatically activated evaluations occurring without our awareness
There Are Individual Differences in Both Explicit and Implicit Cognition
Term
Cognition
Definition
Deliberate judgments or decisions of which we are consciously aware
Term
low cognition
Definition
usually lazy thinkers would rather be told what to do,
Term
high cognition
Definition
usually like to think and solve problems
Term
People employ two broad cognitive strategies in their social thinking
Definition
effortless thinking
-effortful thinkingExplicit
Term
Misinformation effects:
Definition
Distortions and alterations in witnesses memories due to receiving misleading information during questioning.
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
How we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world.
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