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social psychology
Vocab definitions for chapters one to three of David Meyers'
77
Psychology
Not Applicable
12/16/2011

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Term
Brain plasticity
Definition
השינויים המתעוררים במבנה המוח כתוצאה מפעילות פסיכולוגית ופיזית
Term
Natural selection
Definition
תהליך אבולוציוני שבו מאפיינים תורשתיים המאפשרים קיום מועברים לדור הבא
Term
Morphological
Definition
הצורה והמבנה של אורגניזם או של אחד מחלקיו
Term
Normen
Definition
סטנדרטים של התנהגות מקובלת וצפויה
Term
שיטת ויגוצקי
Definition

המודעות של כל אחד נבנתה מלכתחילה  באמצעות קשרים אנושיים

המהות הפסיכולוגית, החשיבה התפיסה והרגש מתפתחים באמצעות אינטראקציה

Term
Culturele prespectief
Definition
מכירה בעובדה שהתנהגות תלויה בגנים אך מדגישה את תהליך התפתחות האדם והחיברות. אנו "חיות חברתיות ועושים שימוש בתרבות כדי לשפר את החיים
Term
Sociak belief dimensions
Definition

חמישה מימדים של הכרה  חברתית

ציניזם מורכבות חברתית, גמול , רוחניות ושליטת הגורל

(משתנה מתרבות לתרבות

Term
Incect taboe
Definition

גילוי עריות

טאבו בכל העולם

Term
Androgynous
Definition
שילוב מאפייני נשים וגברים
Term

Bem sex role inventory

 

Definition
מודד  עד כמה אתה מוגדר בעל מאפייני גבר \אישה
Term
Nurture assumption
Definition
האופן בו הורים יגדלו את ילדיהם יקבע איך  הילדים יהיו
Term
actor-observer difference
Definition
We observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves; in some experiments this has led to differing explanations for behavior
Term
attitude inoculation
Definition
Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that they will have refutations available when stronger attacks come
Term
attribution theory
Definition
The theory of how people explain others’ behavior; for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations
Term
authoritarian personality
Definition
A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
Term
autokinetic phenomenon
Definition
Self (auto) motion (kinetic). The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark
Term
automatic processing
Definition
Mental activities happening with little or no conscious awareness. This is both effortless and habitual
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
A rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of things based on their availability in memory. If something comes readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
Term
balance theory
Definition
Proposes that people will avoid having contradicting attitudes and evaluations of one object. If such inconsistency occur, people are likely to adjust this.
Term
bargaining
Definition
Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties
Term
bargaining
Definition
Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties
Term
behavioral confirmation
Definition
A type of self- fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
Term
benevolent sexism
Definition
A seemingly favorable attitude that puts women on a pedestal but sometimes conveys an assumption that women need men’s protection
Term
bio-psycho-social
Definition
The interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences
Term
black sheep effect
Definition
The tendency to criticise and derogate the members of an in-group who deviate from the group norms, more harshly than members of an out-group
Term
bystander effect
Definition
The finding that the presence of several bystanders makes it less likely that people will provide help. This tendency is often explained by disseminated responsibility and social comparison.
Term
catharsis
Definition
Emotional cleansing. In psychodynamic theory this is the process of expressing repressed emotions, so these no longer cause neurotic problems.
Term
central route to persuasion
Definition
Occurs when people, after careful consideration of an argument, find the argument persuasive (the opposite of peripheral route to persuasion)
Term
co-actors
Definition
Co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes. This inconsistency is unpleasant, and people use different methods to combat the dissonance. Concept coined by Leon Festinger (1957).
Term
cognitive social psychology
Definition
The study of the role of cognitive processes in guiding people’s social behaviour
Term
cohesiveness
Definition
A “we feeling”; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another
Term
collective self-esteem
Definition
Positive regard for a group of which one is a member
Term
collectivism
Definition
A cultural orientation where the group is more important than the individual. People in such cultures commonly give priority to the goals of one’s group and defines one’s identity accordingly (the opposite of individualism)
Term
companionate love
Definition
An affectionate relationship, where one is dedicated and devoted to the partner and his or her happiness (commonly contrasted with passionate love)
Term
complementarity
Definition
The popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other
Term
compliance
Definition
Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing; see also brainwashing; foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Term
confederate
Definition
An accomplice of the experimenter
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions, rather than considering opposing information
Term
confounding variables
Definition
In an experiment, these are uncontrolled variables that interact with the independent variable, which affect the outcome of the research. The researcher can then not determine which variable (or which combination of variables) is responsible for the observed results
Term
consensus
Definition
In attribution theory, the extent to which others act similarly to the person whose behavior is being explained
Term
consistency
Definition
 In attribution theory, the extent to which someone acts similarly on different occasions
Term
contingency approach
Definition
belief that the style of leadership adopted should be contingent upon the environmental circumstances
Term
contingent reward
Definition
A reward that depends on a required response to a request
Term
control-theory
Definition
In comparing the requirements of the goal with actual achievement, individuals may make adjustments to ensure greater success
Term
controlled processing
Definition
Mental activities that require conscious, deliberate and reflective thinking
Term
correlational research
Definition
The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
Term
counterfactual thinking
Definition
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn’t
Term
credibility
Definition
Believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy
Term
credible source:
Definition
A source that is hard to discount
Term
critical social psychology
Definition
A diverse form of social psychology that is united in its criticism of any social psychology that does not recognise its own political, social, historical situatedness, and that of its researchers and participants. It promotes social psychology as a form of social change and reform.
Term
cross-race bias
Definition
A phenomenon in which eyewitnesses tend to be more accurate when identifying members of their own race than members of other races
Term
cult
Definition
A group typically characterized by (1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or a person, (2) isolation from the surrounding “evil” culture, and (3) a charismatic leader. (A sect, by contrast, is a spinoff from a major religion)
Term
culture
Definition
 The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Term
decategorisation
Definition
Where intergroup contact is facilitated by ‘decategorising’ group members through an emphasis on individual personal characteristics rather than group identity
Term
defensive pessimism
Definition
The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action
Term
deindividuation
Definition
Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations where responsiveness to positive or negative group norms is fostered, or where anonymity is increased
Term
demand characteristics
Definition
Cues in an experiment that gives the participant hints on what behaviour is expected, and which thus influence the participant’s behaviour in that setting
Term
depressive realism
Definition
The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attributions, and predictions
Term
dilemma of stake and interest
Definition
The management of self-interest in language
Term
disclosure reciprocity
Definition
he tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner
Term
discrimination
Definition
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
Term
discursive psychology
Definition
Proposes a view of language as ‘social action’ as speakers construct the social world and their position within it through talk and text. It examines how cognitive entities and psychological phenomena are constructed in discourse.
Term
dismissive attachment:
Definition
An avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others
Term
displacement
Definition
 The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
Term
dispositional attribution:
Definition
ttributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits; see also attribution theory; fundamental attribution error
Term
distinctiveness
Definition
In attribution theory, the specificity of the person’s behavior to a particular situation
Term
door-in-the-face technique
Definition
A manipulation technique for gaining concession in which after requesting something large (expecting that it will be turned down) the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request
Term
dual attitudes
Definition
Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits
Term
ecological validity
Definition
The extent to which findings observed in a study reflect what actually occurs in natural settings. Psychological laboratory research has been criticized for its low ecological validity
Term
egoism
Definition
A motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase one’s own welfare. The opposite of altruism, which aims to increase another’s welfare
Term
elevation
Definition
A moral emotion, causing a feeling of warmth and expansion that may provoke chills, tears and throat clenching. It often inspires people to act morally and be compassionate
Term
emergent norms
Definition
Those norms that ‘emerge’ within a group or crowd that influence the behaviour of those involved
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