Shared Flashcard Set

Details Title Social Psychology midterm & accumulative final Description Midterm Total Cards 204 Subject Psychology Created 11/01/2011

Click here to study/print these flashcards. Create your own flash cards! Sign up here. Additional Psychology Flashcards

 

---

 

Cards

Term What is the difference between automatic and controlled processing?	Definition Automatic thoughts are when you think of something automatically, meaning it’s an subconscious thing we assume or think about, not something on the conscious level. Controlled processing is when you think about something with effort and thoughtfully.
Term Define schema and give an example of one.	Definition Mental structures that people use that help them organize the social world. This helps people classify subjects and themes in their social world that influences the information people receive, and think about. Example: If a male is driving a Honda Civic hatchback with a non stock exhaust, they are a sexist, rude, self-centered male.
Term How are schemas and stereotypes related?	Definition Stereotypes are very similar to schemas in the fact that they generalize social information for people, but they have a big difference. Schemas are personal to our own experiences with the social world, while stereotypes are socially known on a large scale.
Term How are schemas and reconstructive memory related?	Definition Events that people experience are what make up memories, but no one experiences the same event in the same way. This is what makes schemas and what makes them so personal to each individual.
Term What is the perseverance effect?	Definition When there is evidence against a previously known thought, there is some belief still that that thought is true.
Term What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?	Definition Self-fulfilling prophecy is when once you have an idea in your head that you are expected to see or find, you will only see those things because you are looking for them.
Term What are the mental shortcuts that people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently called in social psych?	Definition Judgmental Heuristic
Term Give an example of the availability heuristic.	Definition Example1: When a doctor hears a list of symptoms, they consider diagnosis that comes to mind easily. Example 2:If I were to think that milk is good for health because several of my relatives drank milk and lived to a ripe old age.
Term “You have that east coast attitude. I’ll bet you live in New York!” This is a good example of the ____________ heuristic, especially when this was stated in Alaska at a boarding school.	Definition Representative Heuristic
Term What is racial profiling?	Definition Falsely assuming something about someone because of their race
Term Give an example of counterfactual thinking. Define counterfactual thinking.	Definition The big “what if”. Asking yourself how a situation that has happened in the past could have gone differently.
Term True or False: Common sense is a good predictor of human behavior?	Definition False
Term Define social perception.	Definition Social perception is the study of the way people make impressions of and make conclusions about people.
Term What are mirror neurons, and when are they activated?	Definition They are neurons that fire both when you observe an action and perform the same action.
Term What is the difference between encoding and decoding?	Definition Encoding is when you express a non verbal thing, such as facial expression. Decoding is when interpreting the non verbal expressions
Term List the six universal emotional facial expressions that Paul Ekman and his colleagues have identified.	Definition Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise and sadness.
Term Describe at least one gender difference in decoding facial expressions.	Definition It is easier to notice anger on a males face, while it’s easier to notice happiness on a females face.
Term When we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to ____ factors and our failures to ____ factors.	Definition We take credit for our successes and our failures to external sources.
Term Define priming.	Definition Temporarily increase the accessibility to certain schema by hearing it recently.
Term Define Ironic Processing	Definition When you try to suppress a thought and it makes you think about it more.
Term Define Social Psychology	Definition Scientific study of how people are affected by the idea or imagined idea of other people being present.
Term Define social influence. Give examples of both direct and indirect types from your life this week.	Definition I was peer pressured to drink a beer but refused.(direct) The presence of the Naturopathic physician I was shadowing caused me to act more professional than I would ordinarily.(indirect)
Term The word “construal” refers to	Definition The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world.
Term Define Social Tuning	Definition The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes.
Term Define Cognitive Dissonance	Definition When we are unsure that we made the right decision and must rationalize or reassure ourselves that we did right.
Term Define Self-Persuasion.	Definition A long term attitude change that is the result of attempting at self-justifications.
Term Why does lowballing work?	Definition A sales strategy where a salesperson gets a customer to agree to a purchase something at a low price, then claims there was an error and then the salesperson raises the prices. Usually customers agree to the new price.
Term Social tuning is:	Definition When people adopt other people’s attitudes.
Term When people act contrary to their self-perceptions as reasonable and sensible people, they experience a feeling known as _____________.	Definition Cognitive Dissonance
Term Give an example of the impact bias.	Definition When someone wants to break up with someone, they will over estimate their feelings of dread.
Term What is “Naïve realism”?	Definition The conviction that all of us have that we perceive things “as they really are.”
Term RYANS A BRAT? WELL CHRISTINES A BITCH!	Definition : D
Term True or False: Every time people make a decision, they experience dissonance.	Definition True
Term In general, when making a decision between alternatives, the less lasting and critical the decision, the (MORE or LESS) the post-decision dissonance.	Definition Less
Term If our behavior is inconsistent with our values or beliefs, we are less likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we:	Definition Externally Justify
Term Which social psychology concept is most closely related to the idea, Saying is believing?	Definition Counter attitudinal advocacy.
Term According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors?	Definition We are likely to lash out and be rebellious if severe punishment is given. It’s better to give a small punishment for something because more guilt will follow.
Term Describe the Ben Franklin Effect:	Definition When you do a favor for someone, you end up liking them more (by your decision out of your free time). Because why do a favor for someone if you don’t like them?
Term What kind of psychologist would most likely ask, “What situations cause people to behave rudely?”	Definition A social psychologist
Term How do dehumanization of victims and cognitive dissonance theory relate?	Definition If you are being cruel to someone, to get rid of the cognitive dissonance we dehumanize them to deal with treating another person like that.
Term You are extremely pissed off at your roommate because it is the night before exams and he confronted you about your unpaid rent. You decide he is an ass. This is due to the:	Definition Fundamental Attribution Error
Term Define Fundamental Attribution Error	Definition The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors.
Term The more difficult the initiation, the ________ we will like the group.	Definition MORE LOLOL
Term The three parts that form our evaluations of attitude objects are:	Definition Cognitive: thoughts and believes towards the attitude. Affective: Peoples emotional reactions towards the attitude. Behavioral: How people act towards the attitude.
Term The genetic “component” of attitudes is due to the fact that genes influence ____________ and ______________.	Definition Temperament, personality.
Term It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians. Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them. This pattern of findings suggests that people’s attitudes toward politicians may be largely ____________ based.	Definition Affectively based.
Term If Little Joey gets punished every time he plays with matches, Joey may develop a negative attitude toward matches. What learning theory would best explain Joey’s negative attitude toward them?	Definition Operant Conditioning
Term Give an example of an implicit attitude.	Definition When I subconsciously think that people who own Hondas with aftermarket exhausts are unintelligent young guys who are jerks to women.
Term When does counterattitudinal advocacy result in attitude change?	Definition The smaller the external justification, the more likely this will result in attitude change.
Term The Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion emphasizes most which three aspects of persuasion?	Definition Source of communication, Nature of the communication, Nature of the audience.
Term When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the arguments, they are using the _____ route to persuasion.	Definition Central route to persuasion
Term Chloe voted for the first time in the 2000 elections. She was very motivated to understand campaign issues and to make an informed choice at the polls. She read the newspapers and watched the television debates between the candidates. Motivated and informed when she watched the presidential debates between George Bush and Al Gore, Chloe was most likely to pay attention to which aspects of the debates?	Definition Central route to persuasion
Term Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviors. If fear appeals are used, it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behavior change.	Definition Instructions to reduce the fear of the person looking at the ad.
Term Define Attitude inoculation.	Definition Making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing those people to small doses of the argument that is against their position.
Term Gestalt psychology led most directly to what concept of emphasis in social psychology?	Definition Construal
Term Define informational social influence.	Definition The influence of other people that leads people to conform. This is because we see other people as a source of information to help us guide our behaviors.
Term What are the three types of situations that tend to trigger us into conforming to informational social influence.	Definition When the situation is ambiguous, a crisis or when others are experts.
Term How can you best avoid undue conforming to informational social influence?	Definition When something is in low-importance condition to you. To most people, getting things right with everyday judgments can make you more susceptible to informational social influence.
Term What are the two primary human motives, according to social psych?	Definition Being right, and liking/feeling good about ourselves
Term Does informational social influence typically result in private or public acceptance? Why?	Definition Private; We conform because we believe that other peoples interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate than our own, which will help us choose an appropriate course of action.
Term Explain how you would use the observational method to assess student PDA in the quad.	Definition Sitting in a chair and recording what you see in terms of frequency, and whatever measurements are being assessed.
Term Explain how you would use the experimental method to assess student PDA in the quad, as it relates to prior meat-eating.	Definition An experiment would be set up to see whether or not meat eating affected student PDA Independent variable would be eating meat Dependent variable would be PDA in the quad.
Term Define mass psychogenic illness and what does informational social influence have to do with it?	Definition This is when someone looks like they are sick with something contagious, and then people around them start to mimic the sick persons actions if they feel even the smallest symptom because the person might think they have caught it. This is a form of informational social influence, because people are looking to others to see how to act. The more people who mimic, the more other people will mimic them, so it’s a cycle.
Term Explain how you would use the correlational method to assess student PDA in the quad, as it relates to prior meat-eating.	Definition Asking individuals if they eat meat, followed by asking if they have PDA in the quad, and assessing the statistical relationship between the two.
Term List a behavior in yourself that is positively correlated with sunlight. Explain how you know there is a correlation and it is positive.	Definition Smiling is a behavior that is positively correlated with sunlight. I know this from many years of personal experience in observing my own mood in sunlight vs. when it’s not sunny in addition to the mood of others.
Term What is the biggest advantage that the experimental method has over other research methods?	Definition There is greater control, and correlations which are drawn in the correlational method and observational method do not indicate causation necessarily. The observational method also generally cannot be used for things that are rarely done or done in private.
Term The variable that the researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect is called the _____	Definition Independent Variable
Term Define internal validity	Definition Making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions.
Term Define External Validity	Definition The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
Term Who was the founder of Social Psychology?	Definition Kurt Lewin
Term Define contagion and what does informational social influence have to do with it?	Definition This is a rapid spread of behaviors or emotions through a crowd of people. This has to do with informational social influence because people are looking to other people in these situations to see how to feel, especially if people feel ill-equipped to in a situation.
Term Define normative social influence.	Definition We want to be accepted and liked by others, so we conform via the influence of other people.
Term Solomon Asch conducted a series of studies in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length. Participants then heard the other group members give correct estimations for some trials, and blatantly incorrect estimations for others. When confederates in the study gave an incorrect response, how did participants respond?	Definition Participants gave into normative social influence and gave incorrect answers. The participants resulted with public compliance so they would be accepted by the group.
Term What typically happens to us if we resist normative social influence?	Definition Your group might become annoyed or angry with you at first, then would make fun of you or alienate you.
Term The students at the “Milgram table” in class set up an experiment with their classmates that leads them to believe they are actually injuring innocent penguins. The students are distraught. This experiment has got good __________ ___________.	Definition Psychological Realism
Term True or False: According to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists conducting research, researchers may no longer use deception unless the result is worth it, scientifically.	Definition True
Term How have social norms affected age of onset of eating disorders in women?	Definition If a daughter sees a mom dieting and obsessing over her weight, or sees her friends or people she socially interacts with, then she will more likely conform into this pattern because of this need to be thin and attractive in American culture. Girls as young as 7 years old in America have said they are dissatisfied with their bodies because of this thin and attractive American social norm, and eating disorders in girls as young as 12 to 13 years old have sprung up. Since it hit the young groups, it spreads.
Term Sociocultural expectations of attractiveness for men, as depicted in the media, specify that men should be more:	Definition Thin, muscular (six-pack), tall.
Term What are the basic components of Latane’s Social Impact Theory?	Definition Strength of the groups importance, its immediacy and number of group members.
Term What’s the difference between injunctive and descriptive norms?	Definition Injunctive is a norm that is commonly approved of or disapproved of. Descriptive norm is what is commonly done about a specific instance.
Term Define Minority Influence and how this affects larger groups most successfully.	Definition This is where a minority of a group can influence the behaviors of the majority of the group. The minority can have an influence over the group if their consistent with their point of view. If the majority sees that the minority is unclear about their opinion, they can lose the influence of the majority.
Term What are idiosyncrasy credits?	Definition This is the tolerance a person can earn over time by conforming to the groups norms; but this doesn’t mean that the person who conformed cant behave deviantly without retribution from the group on occasion.
Term True or False: In the Milgram experiments, pleas for help from the victim never made a consistent difference in how participants behaved.	Definition True; the majority of people kept going even when the pleas for help went up. This might have made some people not want to continue, but a lot of them did anyway.
Term Which conformity pressures were involved in the Milgram experiments (informational, etc.)?	Definition Normative social pressures made it difficult for people to refuse to continue. There was informational social influence at play here as well because the person administering the shocks were in a confusing situation, which makes them more likely to conform to informational social influences.
Term What things were shown to reduce compliance in the Milgram experiments?	Definition If Milgram himself wasn’t telling them to proceed and if another person was around the participant who seemed unsure about continuing.
Term What things were shown to reduce compliance in the Milgram experiments?	Definition If Milgram himself wasn’t telling them to proceed and if another person was around the participant who seemed unsure about continuing.
Term Barbara replies to her therapist, “How do I see myself? Well, I’m socially anxious, insecure, relatively intelligent, and terribly shy.” Barbara’s response reflects her	Definition Self Concept
Term Define Self Concept	Definition The content of the self; that is, our knowledge about who we are.
Term Define self-awareness	Definition The capacity for introspection and the ability to reconcile one self as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals.
Term The _____ function of the self serves as a kind of schema that helps us make sense of information about ourselves and the social world.	Definition Self Schema
Term If you were asked to memorize a list of words such as “warm” and “intelligent,” the self-reference effect suggests it would be easier to memorize if you	Definition Apply these terms to yourself or your life
Term The _____ function of the self helps us organize our behavior and plan for future activities.	Definition Self Regulation
Term The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up. For example, in Western cultures people tend to have an _____ view of the self, whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have an _____ view of the self.	Definition Independence vs. interpedence
Term How do men’s and women’s self-concepts differ primarily?	Definition Women tend to be relationally interdependent and men tend to be collectively interdependent, meaning they focus on their memberships in larger groups like a sports team or a country.
Term Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is and what his values and attitudes are. What is Earl engaging in?	Definition Introspection
Term From the perspective of self-awareness theory, alcohol abuse, and binge eating are alike in that they	Definition Prevent us from looking at ourselves and oppress internal issues.
Term Robert sits down and writes out a list of all of the reasons he is in love with Eunice. As he is trying to make his list, he finds himself writing criticisms of their relationship as well, such as “We have very little in common.” His list indicates that perhaps he should break up with Eunice, yet his heart tells him they share a special connection. According to information from the text about reasons-generated attitude change, what should Robert do?	Definition According to the reasons generated attitude change concept, there is a con to over thinking some things and that is what Robert is doing in this case so he should go with his heart.
Term Simone runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat. In this instance, Simone is ____ to run.	Definition Intrinsically motivated
Term Stella is very serious about dancing and starts college as a dance major. The more serious she gets about dancing, the more she worries about the pressure to succeed and the rewards associated with succeeding. She finds that dancing feels like a chore and something she has to do rather than wants to do. Her change in her views about dance is due to what social psychologists call	Definition Over justification effect
Term Rewards are not as likely to undermine intrinsic motivation when	Definition Rewards are based on results.
Term What is the term for someone who is both an analyst AND a therapist?	Definition An Analrapist
Term In China and Japan, parents tend to praise children _________ than they do in the U.S. because ____________.	Definition Less, it teaches kids to be intrinsically motivated
Term Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we first experience ________ and then subsequently seek to ________.	Definition A physical arousal, explain why we feel it.
Term Define Misattribution of Arousal	Definition The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
Term Give an example of upward social comparison	Definition I am a basketball player and I want to emulate my favorite basketball star so I can be as good as he is.
Term Define ingratiation	Definition Ingratiation is where an individual attempts to become more attractive or like able to another person.
Term psychological realism definition:	Definition The extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life.
Term Representative Heuristic definition	Definition A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case.
Term Define Overjustification Effect:	Definition The tendency for people to view thier behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to it was caused by intrinsic reasons.
Term Define Availability Heuristic	Definition A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
Term Define External Justification	Definition A reason or an explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (in order to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment).
Term Reasons generated attitude change	Definition Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize.
Term Define aggression	Definition Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person.
Term Define hostile aggression	Definition Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
Term Why is Freud’s theory of aggression considered “hydraulic”?	Definition It is analogous to water pressure building up in a container. If an individual does not aggress, the aggression will build inside that individual until an explosion occurs.
Term According to evolutionary theory, discussed by the authors of your text, why do males tend to be more violent in their teens and 20’s?	Definition It makes it more likely that they will pass on their genes in their prime reproductive years
Term What’s so unusual about the pygmy chimp and how much DNA does it share with humans?	Definition Pygmy chimps do not aggress when in disagreement but rather have intercourse. There is 98% genetic similarity according to the social psychology textbook.
Term What, according to the social psychological point of view, is inherited about aggression?	Definition We have a tendency to respond aggressively to someone provoking us
Term What specific part of the brain is linked to aggression?	Definition The Amygdala
Term What specific chemical in the body is linked to aggression?	Definition Testosterone (duh)
Term _____ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification.	Definition Frustration
Term You are about to leave on vacation and your brother is driving you to the airport. Unfortunately, you get to the airport too late and you find out that your flight has already left. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to feel aggressive toward your brother and want to scream at him?	Definition When you arrive at the airport only a few minutes late as opposed to much longer.
Term _____ refers to the perception that you (or your group) have less than you were led to expect, or less that similar others have.	Definition Relative Deprivation
Term Merry and Pippin get into a fistfight in the middle of a gun shop. The presence of the guns would be an example of	Definition An aggressive stimulus
Term _____ posits that we learn to aggress by observing and imitating others.	Definition Social Learning Theory
Term The authors of your text suggest that children see a rather large amount of violence by watching television. Specifically, the average 12-year-old child in the United States has seen about _____ murders	Definition 8000 (not a big deal though because it's not OVER 9000!!!!)
Term What type of television show should you invest your marketing dollars in for advertising, since you are trying to do a good job at your new job as marketing director of Bushman’s Beards?	Definition A non-violent show where men glorify beards
Term Give an example of a sexual script.	Definition Having one night stands because people think that’s normal or that others are doing it casually
Term _____ can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm.	Definition Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Term How does communication reduce aggression?	Definition Properly communicating can lead to proper expression of anger and frustration. The problem is that violent and aggressive expression and good communication skills can help alleviate the aggression.
Term According to the authors of your text, what are some plausible explanations for the Harris and Klebold’s massacre at Columbine High School?	Definition They were bullied, and wished to get revenge. To transform their shame and humiliation into pride.
Term What did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments show?	Definition Children learn aggressive behavior through imitation.
Term I believe aggression forms through forces outside myself. My theory is best described as	Definition DRIVE THEORY
Term Philip Goldberg (1968) found that women rated articles by female authors differently than by male articles. What do the findings suggest?	Definition Women do not see themselves as inferior.
Term Prejudice refers to both the general attitude structure and the _____ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people.	Definition Affective
Term When asked to imagine someone who fits the description, “construction worker,” many people picture a man in a hard hat, who is dirty. Such mental images of a group of people are examples of	Definition Stereotypes
Term Recall that Jeff Stone and his colleagues (1997) exposed participants to a 20-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. Half of the participants were led to believe that one player, Mark Flick, was African American, and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was Caucasian. When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick’s performance, what occurred?	Definition Students that thought he was African-American rated him as having more athletic ability and having played a better game than those who thought he was white. Students were shown a picture of a white person rated him as having greater hustle and a greater basketball sense.
Term Researchers found that when men succeed at a given task, participants attribute his success to _____, whereas when women succeed at that same task, participants attribute their success to ______.	Definition Ability; Effort
Term Research with elementary school girls and boys has revealed that girls tend to make _____ attributions for success, whereas boys tend to make _____ attributions for failure.	Definition External and External
Term Name a minority group of people that is currently NOT protected by national laws banning discrimination?	Definition Homosexuals
Term Based on research presented in your text by Rohan & Zanna (1996), if Timmy’s parents hold egalitarian beliefs, what types of beliefs is Timmy likely to hold as an adult?	Definition Egalitarian
Term “Similar is good, but different is bad” represents a _____ that might contribute to prejudice.	Definition Judgmental Heuristic
Term What was the gist of the blue-eyes versus brown eyes (and similar) study?	Definition In-group out-group dynamics
Term When prejudiced people say, "they all look alike to me," what bias are they illustrating?	Definition Out-group homogeneity
Term How are stereotypes automatic?	Definition Conscious processing allows us to critically examine and question the relevance of the stereotype, but they still occur.
Term How can conscious processing help counter stereotypes?	Definition They still occur – it helps judge them & change behavior.
Term George is rear-ended by a Hispanic woman. Although George usually does not express his prejudice, he gets out of the car and yells several racist and sexist remarks at the driver. This behavior is best explained by what theoretical model?	Definition Justification Suppression Model
Term A(n) ______ refers to the tendency to see relations between objects or events that are not actually related.	Definition Illusory Correlation
Term Galen Bodenhausen (1988) had college student participants play the role of jurors in a mock trial. He found that something as simple as _______ evoked dispositional attributions and caused jurors to ignore extenuating circumstances in the case.	Definition Names that appear to be Hispanic
Term _____ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes.	Definition Stereotype threat
Term Melvin Lerner (1980) has shown that when most people are confronted with evidence of an inequitable outcome that is difficult to explain, they will	Definition Blame the victim
Term _____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter-group conflict.	Definition Realistic Conflict theory
Term How are benevolent sexism and hostile sexism alike?	Definition They are both traditional sexist views of women
Term When social psychologists define a social group as a collection of interdependent people, they mean that	Definition People in a social group define themselves as more a part of the group they belong to. (Influence each other)
Term What are three benefits associated with groups, according to the authors of your text?	Definition -Help establish social norms, help us define who we are, act as a source of information. -They help us to define who we are, act as a source of information or helping to establish social norms.
Term Shared group expectations about how particular group members are expected to behave are called	Definition Social Roles.
Term Which study, discussed in your text, best mirror the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib?	Definition The prison experiment they did at Stanford.
Term List three positives of group cohesiveness.	Definition Members are to stay in the group, participate with group activities and recruit new members.
Term Social facilitation is most likely to occur when	Definition When people are around who are going to evaluate your performance and the task is familiar/simple.
Term You are a good golfer and you’ve invited a few friends golfing. They are watching you tee off and their presence has an effect on you. Your ability performance would likely increase or decrease?	Definition Increase.
Term Define social loafing, and list what most contributes.	Definition People relax when others are around who are not judging your performance.
Term Research on deindividuation suggests that when people are part of a crowd, they become	Definition Less responsible.
Term Groupthink occurs when groups value ________ over _________.	Definition The groups cohesiveness and consider facts in an accurate manner.
Term Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are	Definition More extreme they would deciding alone.
Term What are the two different interpretations that have been proposed to explain group polarization?	Definition The persuasive arguments interpretation and The social comparison interpretation.
Term Proponents of the _____ theory of leadership assume that certain key personality traits (e.g., decisiveness, intelligence, compassion) make someone a good leader.	Definition Great Person Theory.
Term __________ leaders set clear, short-term goals, and reward followers who meet them, __________ leaders inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals.	Definition Transactional. Transformational.
Term How does gender play into perceptions of leadership ability?	Definition Females are looked at as not leader material. They are viewed as less capable of being leaders.
Term True or False: In the early trucking studies by Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960, 1962), it was found that allowing the competing participants to communicate during the game fostered trust and cooperation.	Definition False
Term True or False: Arranged marriages in many Eastern cultures often create very successful unions.	Definition True
Term The more we see and interact with other people, the more likely they are to become our friends. This statement captures the essence of the ______ effect.	Definition Propinquity effect.
Term In a study by McKenna and colleagues (2002), participants talked either via the Internet or face-to-face with another participant. One finding from this study suggests that meeting via the internet led to _____________ attraction.	Definition Greater.
Term According to research presented by the authors of your text, someone who is low-skilled in their interpersonal style would be more likely to have a better friendship with someone who is ____ skilled.	Definition Equally
Term The authors of your text discuss several ways in which similarity leads to attractions. Name three.	Definition If you agree with someone’s opinions, similar personality characteristics, and when people have similar interpersonal style and communications skills
Term Regarding attraction, men, more than women, are more influenced by physical attractiveness when _____ are being measured than when _____ are being measured.	Definition Attitude and Actual behaviors.
Term What characteristics of the human face do both men and women find attractive in the women and men that they are attracted to?	Definition When a face is symmetrical, larger eyes, prominent cheek bones and a big smile.
Term Research has found that there is agreement across cultures in what constitutes an attractive face; that infants prefer photographs of attractive faces to unattractive ones and that they prefer the same faces that adults do; and that statistically average faces tend to be seen as attractive. These findings provide support for a(n) __________ interpretation of the importance of physical attractiveness.	Definition Evolutionary
Term What is the halo effect and how does culture play a part?	Definition When attractive people are subconsciously given socially desirable traits.
Term What are the basic concepts of social exchange theory regarding relationships?	Definition The way people feel about their relationship is dependent on their perceptions of rewards and costs of the relationship, what kind of relationship they deserve, and the probability that they can have a better relationship with another.
Term What are the basic concepts of equity theory regarding relationships?	Definition When people are happiest with relationships when the rewards, costs and contributions are about equal.
Term According to Elaine Hatfield (1988), passionate love is associated with _____, whereas companionate love is associated with _____.	Definition Passionate love; Companion love
Term According to Elaine Hatfield (1988), passionate love is associated with _____, whereas companionate love is associated with _____.	Definition Avoidant Attachment Style.
Term According to a survey conducted by Hazan and Shaver (1987), which attachment style do most people have?	Definition Secure attachment style.
Term What is deindividuation?	Definition The loosening of normal behavior for a person because of the feeling of anonymity (usually when people are in a group or crowd).
Term What is process loss?	Definition Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.
Term What is risky shit?	Definition This is when a group makes higher risk decisions more than the individuals in the group normally would.
Term Describe a transactional leader.	Definition Give clear, short-term goals which they reward people who meet these goals.
Term Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and, at the same time, get a tax deduction. Julianna is engaging in __________ behavior.	Definition Social exchange
Term Evolutionary psychology is the study of	Definition This studies social behaviors that have to do with genetic factors that evolved over time. These genetic factors are a part of the natural selection principle.
Term What is kin selection?	Definition This is the idea that behaviors that help a relative who is genetically related to you are chosen by natural selection.
Term Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she’ll need help and someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of	Definition Norm of Reciprocity.
Term According to _____, helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs.	Definition Social exchange theory.
Term “Put yourself in my position,” Janice whines. “Can’t you spare an hour to help me out?” Janice is attempting to evoke _____ when trying to persuade you to help her.	Definition Empathy
Term How are empathy and helping behavior associated?	Definition If you feel empathy for someone, you are more likely to help despite what is in it for you. But if there are no feelings of empathy, the social exchange concerns happen with people. They will see the costs and benefits for helping.
Term List the three main motives as to why people help others.	Definition 1.) To promote welfare to those genetically close to us, we help each other instinctively. 2.) Usually the rewards outweigh the costs when we help, so it’s in our self-interest. 3.) When empathy is felt, there can be feelings of compassion for the person in need of help which prompts us to act selflessly by helping.
Term What information is helpful knowing in order to best predict whether people will help another person?	Definition Situational pressures, gender, cultural background, religious background and current mood.
Term Define in-group.	Definition It’s the group with which we identify ourselves as a member of.
Term What is the “feel good, do good” effect?	Definition Being in a good mood can increase helping because good moods tend to help people give others the benefit of the doubt, it’s a good way to prolong a good mood and also because good moods make us pay more attention to ourselves and our values.
Term The ______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress.	Definition Negative state relief (feel bad, Do good).
Term According to Stanley Milgram’s (1970) ______________ hypothesis, compared to rural dwellers, people in large cities are bombarded with stimulation and work to reduce it by keeping to themselves.	Definition Urban overload Hypothesis.
Term According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you	Definition Are the only person around, or if there isn’t a good number of people around who witnessed the crime.
Term Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of_________ to inhibit helping.	Definition Informational Social Influence
Term A primary focus of the field of “positive psychology” is the study of	Definition Strength and virtue.
Term If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?	Definition I would not require them to volunteer, but would encourage them to go volunteer and preserve the sense that they freely chose to do so.

Tweet