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Social Psychology Exam 1
Ch 1-4 SPA-1
59
Psychology
Not Applicable
02/09/2012

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Cards

Term
Schema
Definition
cognitive structures that organize information and around themes or subjects; frameworks.
Term
Construal
Definition
the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world.
Term
Heuristics
Definition
rules of thumb or mental shortcuts to make judgments quickly and efficiently…
Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
something easily to bring to mind; leads us to assume it is more important. (if something comes to your mind right away, leads us to think it’s more important…may be positive or negative…i.e. TV Show House and his uncommon disease diagnoses).  
Term
Representativeness heuristic
Definition

1.   judging a person by how similar he is to the typical case or member of a group. (i.e. this person is not “black” enough…)

Term
Base rate information
Definition

1.   information about the frequency of different categories in the population. (i.e. students on campus—assuming that they come from Nebraska based on the number of students/majority of UNO Students are from Nebraska.)

Term
 Anchoring/Adjustment heuristic:
Definition

1. involves using a number as a starting point, adjusting one’s answer away from this. (problem is anchor may be arbitrary which may lead people to wrong conclusions…i.e. auctions… “start with $2,000…” people will start bidding around that number…around that $2,000 anchor…could be worth that much or could be worth much less…may be arbitrary…) 

Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
A school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people’s minds rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object.
Term

 Fundamental Attribution Error

Definition

tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors.

Term
Stereotype
Definition

·         a generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members.

 

Term
Non-verbal communication/behavior
Definition
the way people communicate without words; (i.e. tone of voice, facial expressions, taking up space, etc.)
Term
Decoding
Definition

(interpreting the meaning of non-verbal communication/behavior)

Term
Encoding
Definition
to express/emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back.
Term
Priming
Definition

·       (related to how accessible the schema is…i.e. the negative words used in experiment about Professor...)

Term
Automatic thinking:
Definition
thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless. 
Term

Controlled thinking:

Definition
thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful.
Term
Counterfactual thinking
Definition
mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been. ("If only I had done it that way instead of this way...")
Term
Accessibility (schemas)
Definition
i.e. because the students were given three words, they had already deveoped a perception of the professor before they had seen the picture/read the paragraph.
Term
Construal’s...two needs...
Definition
(both the need to be accurate/need to feel good about ourselves)
Term
Commons Dilemma:
Definition

·       a social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused.

Term
Meta-analysis:
Definition
a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable.
Term
Social Perception
Definition
process through which we seek to know/understand others; how we form impressions and make inferences.
Term
Emblems
Definition

gestures carrying specific meanings that are culturally determined.

Term

·       “Belief in a Just World”

Definition
assumption that bad things happen to bad people; good things happen to good people; it is too threatening to believe there are external causes for bad outcomes.
Term
Sample
Definition
A subset of the population.
Term
Random Sample
Definition
(everyone in the population has an equal chance to avoid bias)
Term
External Validity
Definition
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
Term
Internal Validity:
Definition
making sure that nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable; this is accomplished by controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions.
Term
Ethical considerations when conducting research
Definition
(confidential, debriefing, anonymity, etc.)
Term
Debriefing
Definition
explaining to participants, that the end of an experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired.
Term
Cover Story:
Definition

a description of the purpose of a study, given to participants, that is different from its true purpose, used to maintain psychological realism.

Term
Informed Consent
Definition

agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advance.

Term
Thought suppression
Definition

·        part of it is an automatic monitoring process…our mind is “searching” for bad thoughts…then the control/operating process is next…we try to erase/suppress the thought…

Term
Actor/Observer Effect:
Definition
 The tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational factors; others’ behavior to dispositional factors.
Term
Self-Serving Bias:
Definition

 the tendency to make internal attributions for our successes; external attributions for our failures.

Term
 Two-step process of attribution
Definition

·      (tend to make internal attribution first…only in the second step do we take the time and take into consideration external factors)

Term

1.  Internal attribution:

Definition
referring to something about the personality or character
Term

1.  External attribution:

Definition
referring to something about the situation
Term
Experimental Method:
Definition

 the method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable (the one thought to have a causal effect on people’s responses).

Term
Field Experiments:
Definition

 experiments conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory.

Term
Observational method:
Definition

 the technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior.

Term
Surveys
Definition

: research in which a representative sample of people are asked (often anonymously) questions about their attitudes or behavior.

Term
Random Selection:
Definition

 a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Term

Scientific Method:

Definition
process by which a body of knowledge is built through observation, experiment, and generalization
Term
Theory:
Definition

systematic explanation for observations of particular aspects of society; it focuses and guides research.

Term

Valid:

Definition
measures what it intends to measure
Term

Reliable:

Definition
consistent or repeatable results.
Term

The Research Process…(table 2.1, handout)

Definition

1.    Define the problem (be very clear, what do you want to know?)

2.   Review previous research (literature review, any research topic we might have, chances are there has been other research done on that…i.e. assimilation into a group.)

3.   Develop one or more hypotheses

4.   Determine the research design (you’d have to pick the appropriate method)

5.   Define the sample and collect data

6.   Prepare the research report

Term

Implicit Personality Theory

Definition
our ideas about what kinds of personality traits go together; we extrapolate from a small amount of information and form an impression based on that…
Term

Hypothesis:

Definition
 a statement describing a relationship between two or more variables
Term

-    Independent variable

Definition
(what you manipulate or change) the variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable.
Term

-    Dependent variable

Definition
(dependent on or influenced by the independent variable) the variable a researcher measures to see if it is influences by the independent variable; the researcher hypothesizes that the dependent variable will depend on the level of the independent variable.
Term
Interpersonal Perception Test
Definition
are "self-tests" that give viewers a chance to interpret verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
Term

  Thought suppression

Definition
part of it is an automatic monitoring process…our mind is “searching” for bad thoughts…then the control/operating process is next…we try to erase/suppress the thought…
Term
What helps influence people to change in terms of recycling or water conservation?
Definition
Removing barriers is a very big help, along with keeping track of consumption, indroducing competitiveness, inducing hypocrisy...
Term
16, 20, 49
Definition
D
Term
Display Rules
Definition
(particular to each culture; culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display)
Term
Affect Blend
Definition
registering more than one emotion at a time; facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while a different part registers another emotion.
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition
we try to determine why people do what they do.
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