Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Social Psych- Exam 2
Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/24/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
belief perseverance
Definition
the tendency to maintain, and even strengthen, in the face of disconforming evidence.
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
the tendency to see a correlation between two events when, in reality, no such correlation exists
Term
perceptual confirmation
Definition
the tendency for people to see things in line with their own beliefs and expectations
Term
Trait negativity bias
Definition
the tendency for people to be more influenced by negative traits than by positive ones
Term
primacy
Definition
the tendency for information that is presented early to have a greater impact on judgements than information that is presented later
Term
implicit personality theory
Definition
the theory that certain traits and behaviors go together
Term
framing
Definition
the tendency to see an issue differently based on the way it is presented
Term
contrast effect
Definition
the tendency to perceive a stimulus in different way depending on the salient comparison
Term
subliminal persuasion
Definition
a type of persuasion that occurs when stimuli are presented at a very rapid and unconscious level
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
the phenomenon in which the greater the exposure we have to a given stimulus, the more we like it
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a specific response, and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits that response on its own
Term
attitudes
Definition
positive and negative evaluations of people, ideas, objects, and events
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
a mental shortcut in which we make a judgement based on the ease with which we can bring something to mmind
Term
intuition
Definition
a decision making process in which we rely on our instinct instead of relying on more objective nformation
Term
theory of planned behavior
Definition
a theory that desrices people's behavior as caused by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
Term
observational learning/modeling
Definition
a type of learning in which people's attitudes and behavior are influenced by watching other people's attitudes and behavior
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
type of learning in which behavior that is rewarded increases whereas behavior that is punished dcereases
Term
self affirmation theory
Definition
a theory that describes how people can reduce the arousal caused by cognitive dissonance by affirming a different part of their identities, even if that identity is completely unrelated to the cause of the arousal
Term
impression management theory
Definition
a theory that individuals are not motivated to be consistent, but rather to appear consistent.
Term
self-perception theory
Definition
a theory that people infer their attitudes by simply observing their behavior
Term
self-standards model
Definition
a model that proposes people experience discomfort whenever they see their behavior as deviating from some type of important personal or normative standard, but that the strategy they use to reduce this dissonance will depend on what thoughts about the self are currently accessible
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
a theory that describes attitude change as occurring in order to reduce the unpleasant arousal people experience when they engage in a behavior hat conflicts with their attitudes or when they hold two conflicting attitudes
Term
prototype/willingness model
Definition
a model that describes the role of prototypes, or social images of what people who engage in the behavior look like, in influencing their willingness to engage in the behavior in a given situation
Term
inoculation
Definition
the idea that exposure to a weak version of a persuasive message strengthens people's ability to resist that message later on
Term
persuasion
Definition
communication that is designed to influence one's attitudes
Term
elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
Definition
a model describing two distinct routes of persuasion (central and peripheral) that are used to process persuasive messages
Term
central or systematic route
Definition
a type of processing of persuasive messaging that occurs when people have the ability and motivation to carefully listen to and evaluate the arguments in a persuasive message
Term
peripheral or heuristic route
Definition
a type of processing of persuasive messages that occurs when people lack the ability and motivation to carefully listen to and evaluate a persuasive message
Term
sleeper effect
Definition
the phenomenon in which a message that is initially not particularly persuasive becomes more persuasive over time
Term
subliminal persuasion
Definition
a type of persuasion that occurs when stimuli are presented at a very rapid and unconscious level
Term
forewarning
Definition
making people aware that they will soon receive a persuasive message
Term
reactance
Definition
the idea that people react to threats to their freedom to engage in a behavior by becoming even more likely to engage in that behavior
Term
social norms
Definition
unspoken but shared rules of conduct in a formal or informal group
Term
conformity
Definition
the tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in ways that or consistent with perceived group norms
Term
compliance
Definition
changes in behavior that are cause by a direct request
Term
obedience
Definition
changes in behavior that are caused by direct command of authority
Term
descriptive norms
Definition
norms that describe how people behave in a given situation
Term
injunctive norms
Definition
norms that describe what people ought to do in a given situation; the type of behavior that is approved of in a given situation
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
a particular type of norm misperception that occurs when each individual of a group privately rejects the group's norms, but believes that others accept these norms
Term
informational influence
Definition
the influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments, and they want to be right also
Term
private conformity
Definition
when people rethink their original views, and potentially change their minds
Term
normative influence
Definition
the influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
Term
public conformity
Definition
when people's overt behaviors are in line with group norms
Term
minority influence
Definition
a process in which a small number of people in a grou lead to overall change in the group's attitude or behavior
Term
social impact theory
Definition
a theory that people we are close to have more impact than those who are more distant
Term
reciprocity
Definition
a mutual exchange between two people
Term
foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
a two-step compliance technique in which an influencer first asked someone to do a small request, then asks for a larger request
Term
that's-not-all technique
Definition
a compliance technique in which the influencer begins with and inflated request, and then decreases its apparent sie by offering discounts or bonuses
Term
door-in-the-face technique
Definition
a compliance technique in which the influencer first asks for a big request, then asks for a smaller request
Term
lowballing
Definition
a two-step technique in which he influencer secures agreement with a request, but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs
Term
scarcity
Definition
a compliance theory in which the opportunity to act is limited in terms of time or number
Term
social facilitation
Definition
a phenomenon in which people do better on particular tasks in the presence of a group than when they are alone
Term
social loafing
Definition
a group-produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks where contributions are pooled
Term
collective effort model
Definition
model that describes people's motivation to exert effort in group tasks only when they believe their distinct efforts are identifiable, these efforts will make a difference in the group's success, and they will experience positive outcomes
Term
social compensation
Definition
the notion that if a project is important to you, you may work even harder to compensate for poor performance or social loafing by others
Term
deindividuation
Definition
a phenomenon in which a person loses the sense of him or herself as a distinct individual, and in turn feels less compelled to follow normal rules of behavior
Term
group polarization
Definition
a phenomenon in which the initial tendencies of group members become more extreme following group discussion
Term
risky shift
Definition
a process by which groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals would make alone
Term
groupthink
Definition
a group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency to seek concurrence, consensus, and unanimity, as opposed to making the best decision
Term
conflict
Definition
the presence and/or perception of incompatible goals between two people or groups
Term
realistic group conflict theory
Definition
the theory the competition between groups for resources leads to conflict
Term
mirror-image perception
Definition
the phenomenon in which we view those on our own side as just and fair and those on the other side as evil and selfish, even when the outward behavior may be identical
Term
hostile media phenomenon
Definition
the tendency to believe that media coverage is biased against the side we favor
Term
entrapment
Definition
the common situation in which groups escalate commitment to failing courses of action, in oart to justify investments already made
Term
GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction)
Definition
a strategy to create unilateral and persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties
Term
bargaining
Definition
seeking an agreement through direct negotiation between both sides in a conflict
Term
mediation
Definition
a particular type of bargaining situati in which a neutral third party tries to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions
Term
arbitration
Definition
a resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement
Term
integrative agreement
Definition
a negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all partie obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from equal division of the contested resources
Term
social dilemma
Definition
a situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone creates the worst outcome for the group
Term
common resource dilemma
Definition
a social dilemma in which each person can take as much as her or she wants from a common resource, but if everyone does so, the resource will eventually be completely depleted
Term
public goods dilemma
Definition
a social dilemma in which each person must decide what to contribute to a common pool of resources. But if people do not all contribute, these public goods will not be available
Term
prisoner's dilemma
Definition
the situation in which two people may choose to either cooperate or compete with each other
Term
tit-for-tat
Definition
a strategy that involves starting with cooperation, and then doing whatever one's partner does on each interaction
Term
Counterfactual Thinking
Definition
The tendency to imagine alternative outcomes to various events.
Term
Anchoring and Adjustment
Definition
A mental shortcut (heuristic) in which we rely on an initial starting point in making an estimate but then fail to adjust our original estimate from this anchor
Term
Base-rate Fallacy
Definition
An error in which people ignore the numerical frequency, or base-rate, of various events in estimating their likelihood.
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
The tendency to classify someone or something based on its similarity to a typical case.
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
How we select, interpret, and use information to make judgements about the social world.
Term
Controlled (Effortful) Thinking
Definition
Thinking that is effortful, intentional, and conscious. Requires time and motivation.
Term
Automatic Thinking
Definition
a type of decision-making process that occurs at an unconscious or automatic level and is entirely effortless and unintentional. Relies on heuristics.
Term
Heuristics
Definition
Mental shortcuts often used to form judgements and make decisions. Save time, but can often lead to inaccurate judgements.
Term
Priming
Definition
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a given trait or concept.
Term
Schemas
Definition
Mental structures that organize our knowledge about the world and influence how we interpret people and events. Activated by past experiences.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!