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Social Psych 3
Test 3 prep
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/18/2013

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Term
Heuristics
Definition
Simple rules fr making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid, and seemingly effortless manner.
Term
affect
Definition
Our current feelings and moods.
Term
Information overload
Definition
Instances in which our ability to process information is exceeded.
Term
Conditions of uncertainty
Definition
Where the "correct" answer is difficult to know or would take a great deal of effort to determine.
Term
Prototype
Definition
Summary of the common attributes possessed by members of a category.
Term
Representative heuristic
Definition
A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories.
Term
Availability heuristic
Definition
A strategy for making judgments on the basis of how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind.
Term
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Definition
A heuristic that involves the tendency to use a number of value as a starting point t which we then make adjustments.
Term
Schemas
Definition
Mental frameworks centering on a specific theme that help us to organize social information.
Term
Priming
Definition
A situation that occurs when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness of specific types of information held in memory.
Term
Unpriming
Definition
Refers to the fact that the efforts of the schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease.
Term
Perserverance effect
Definition
The tendency for brliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory information.
Term
Metaphor
Definition
A linguistic device that relates or draws a comparison between one abstract concept and another dissimilar concept.
Term
Automatic processing
Definition
This occurs when, after extensive experience with a task or type of information, we reach the stage where we can perform the task or process the information in a seemingly effortless, automatic, and nonconscious manner.
Term
Optimistic bias
Definition
Our predisposition to expect things to turn out well overall.
Term
Overconfidence barrier
Definition
The tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our own judgments than is reasonable.
Term
Planning fallacy
Definition
The tendency to make optimistic predictions concerning how long a given task will take for competion.
Term
Counterfactual thinking
Definition
The tendency to imagine oter outcomes in a situation than the ones that actually occurred.  ("What might have been")
Term
Magical thinking
Definition
Thinking involving assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny--for example, the belief that things that resemble one another share fundamental properties.
Term
Terror management
Definition
Our effort to come to terms with certainty of our own death and its unsettling implications.
Term
Mood congruence effects
Definition
The fact that we are more likely to store or remember positive information when in a positive mood and negative information when in a bad mood.
Term

Mood dependent memory

 

Definition
The fact that what we remember while in a given mood may be determined, in part, by what we learned when previously in that mood.
Term
Affective forecasts
Definition
Predictions about how we would feel about events we have not actually experienced.
Term
Attitude
Definition
Evaluation of various aspects of the social world.
Term
Explicit attitudes
Definition
Consciously accessible attitudes that are controllable and easy to report.
Term
Implicit attitudes
Definition
Unconscious associations between objects and evaluative responses.
Term
Social learning
Definition
The process through which we acquire new information, forms of behavior, or attitudes from other people.
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
A basic form of learning in which one stimulus, initially neutral, acquires the capacity to evoke reactions through repeated pairing with another stimulus.  In a sense, one stimulus becomes a signal for the presentation or occurrence of the other.
Term
Unconditioned stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that evokes a positive or negative response without substantial learning.
Term
Conditioned stimulus
Definition
The stimulus that comes t stand for or signal a prior unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Subliminal conditioning
Definition
Classical conditioning of attitudes by exposure to stimuli that are below individuals' threshold of conscious awareness.
Term
Mere exposure
Definition
By having seen before, but not necessarily remembering having done so, attitudes toward an object can be formed.
Term

"llusion of truth" effect

 

Definition
The mere repetition of information creates a sense of familiarity and more positive attitudes.
Term
Instrumental conditioning
Definition
A basic form of learning in which responses that lead to positive outcomes or which permit avoidance of negative outcomes are strengthened.
Term
Social networks
Definition
Term
Social networks
Definition
Composed of individuals with whom we have interpersonal relationships and interact with on a regular basis.
Term
Observational learning
Definition
A basic form of learning in which individuals acquire new forms of behavior as a result of observing others.
Term
Social comparison
Definition
The process which we compare ourseves to others to determine whether or not our view of social reality is, or is not correct.
Term
Reference groups
Definition
Groups of people with whom we identify and whose opinions we value.
Term
Pluralistic ignorance
Definition
When we collectively misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than us.
Term
Theory of reasoned action
Definition
A theory suggesting that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated, and a decision is reached to act or not to act.  That decision is then reflected in behavioral intentions, which strongly influence overt behavior.
Term
Theory of planned behavior
Definition
An extension of the theory of reasoned actions, suggesting that in addition to attitudes toward a given behavior and subjective normas about it, individuals also consider their ability to perform the behavior.
Term
Implementation plan
Definition
A plan for how to implement our intentions to carry out some action.
Term

Attitude-to-behavior process model

 

Definition
A model of how attitudes guide behavior that emphasizes the influence of attitudes and stored knowledge of what is appropriate in a given situation and on an individual's definition of the present situation.  This definition, in turn,influences overt behavior.
Term
Persuasion
Definition
Efforts to change others' attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages.
Term
Fear appeals
Definition
Attempting to change people's behaviors by use of a message that induces fear.
Term
Systematic processing
Definition
Processing of information in a persuasive message that involved careful consideration of message content and ideas.
Term
Central route to persuasion
Definition
Attitude change resulting from systematic processing of information presented in persuasive messages.
Term
Heuristic processing
Definition
Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts.
Term
Peripheral route to persuasion
Definition
Attitude change that occurs in response to peripheral persuasion cues, which is often based on information concerning the expertise or status of would be persuaders.
Term
Elaboration-likelihood model (ELM)
Definition
A theory suggesting that persuasion can occur in either of two distinct ways, differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration the message receives.
Term
Reactance
Definition
Negative reactions to treats to one's personal freedom.  Reactance often increases resistance to persuasion and can even produce negative attitude change or opposite to what was intended.
Term
Forewarning
Definition
Advance knowledge that one is about to become the target or an attempt at persuasion.  Forewarning often increases resistance to the persuasion that follows.
Term
Selective avoidance
Definition
A tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes.  Such avoidance increases resistance to persuasion.
Term
Self-regulation
Definition
Limited capacity to engage our willpower and control our own thinking and emotions.
Term
Ego-depletion
Definition
When our capacity to self-regulate has been reduced because of prior expenditures of limited resources.
Term
Cognitive dissonance
Definition
An internal stte that results when individuals notice inconsistency between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior.
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