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Social Psych
Final
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/03/2012

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Cards

Term
What is a voir dire?
Definition
A preliminary examination of a witness or a juror by a judge or counsel.
Term
What is a peremptory challenge?
Definition
Dismissal of a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge’s approval
Term
Describe exclusion for cause
Definition
An attempt to disqualify a prospective juror for a specific reason requiring judge’s approval
Term
What is the misinformation effect?
Definition
Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of an event
Term
Describe the effects of retelling
Definition
Retelling events commits people to their recollections, accurate or not. An accurate retelling helps them resist misleading suggestions
Term
What is the cognitive interview?
Definition
A method by which police can elicit more accurate information from an interview while limiting the misinformation effect
Term
What are familiarity induced biases?
Definition
The tendency for people to remember a face but to forget the circumstances in which they saw the face
Term
What does death qualified jury mean?
Definition
Exclusion of jurors who report they would be unable to vote for the death penalty
Term
Gary Wells and his colleagues reviewed 40 cases in which DNA testing was used to determine the actual guilt or innocence of a convicted felon. What were the results of the study?
Definition
-36 of 40 cases reviewed involved erroneous eyewitnesses identification
-5 of the falsely accused were on death row
-The most common cause of wrongful conviction is eyewitness testimony
Term
Describe the results of the study conducted by Sheppard & Vidmar (1980). How did retelling what they had seen affect how favorable eyewitnesses were toward the defendant?
Definition
Eyewitnesses initially interviewed by defense attorney gave testimony more favorable to the defendant and vice versa.

Witnesses changed voice intonation and choice of words rather than omission of facts depending for whom they were testifying
Term
Describe the study by Loftus in which students were presented with a case based on circumstantial evidence only or circumstantial plus an eyewitness. What were the results?
Definition
-18% circumstantial evidence only voted guilty
-72% circumstantial evidence and eyewitness voted guilty
-68% voted guilty even if witness discredited
Term
What are some of the recommended ways to improve correct identification in the lineup process?
Definition
-A lineup should include 4 to 8 foils who match the general description or resemble the suspect
-Instruct the eyewitness that the suspect may or may not be in the lineup
Term
Describe the research that has examined the effect of pretrial publicity on jurors’ likelihood of voting guilty.
Definition
-Media gets most of its information from police and district attorney
-People exposed to lurid or emotional pretrial information more likely vote guilty
-Telling jurors to disregard pretrial information doesn't work!
Term
Describe the differences between six-person and twelve-person juries.
Definition
-Smaller juries reduce probability that minority members will be included
-72% chance at least one minority will be on a 12-person vs. a 47 person% chance on 6-person jury
-A minority of one on a 6-person jury is much more likely to conform to the group than a minority of one on a 12-person jury
Term
Describe the study by Malpass and Devine (1981) that examined the effect of biased vs. unbiased instructions in the lineup identification process. What were the results of their study?
Definition
Participants who were led to believe the culprit was in the lineup were more likely to pick an innocent person.
-If culprit present, 0% false IDs with unbiased instruction, 25% false IDs with biased instruction
-If culprit absent, 33% false IDs with unbiased instructions, 78% with biased
Term
According to the National Institute of Justice approximately how many criminal charges per year are based solely on eyewitness testimony?
Definition
About 77,000
Term
What is scientific jury selection?
Definition
Using statistics to determine the best candidates to vote in favor of your side
Term
How does training police to use the cognitive interview affect the amount of information eyewitness yield? Does the cognitive interview affect the likelihood of error?
Definition
-Increased information elicited by 50%

-No significant increase in false memory
Term
How can accuracy in eyewitness identification in the police lineup and photo identification process be improved?
Definition
-Show witness the possible suspects one at a time
-Have the lineup administrator be someone unfamiliar with the case so he or she doesn't give unconscious clues
Term
Describe the study by Wiseman (1998) conducted in cooperation with the BBC. What characteristic of the suspect was most likely to affect viewers’ likelihood of voting guilty?
Definition
-64,000 BBC viewers shown evidence of a burglary perpetrated by attractive or unattractive actor

-41% guilty for unattractive perpetrator
31% guilty for attractive perpetrator
Term
What are the traits and characteristics of death qualified juries?
Definition
People who support the death penalty are…
-More prosecution-minded
-More concerned about crime
-More trustful of police
-More cynical of defense attorneys
-Less tolerant of laws and procedures to protect the accused
-More likely to vote guilty
Term
According to lecture, how is stress defined?
Definition
A state of arousal that arises when we perceive that the demands of a situation threaten our ability to cope effectively
Term
Describe the two types of appraisals people make when assessing a potentially stressful event proposed by Lazurus.
Definition
Primary appraisal: Personally relevant and stressful

Secondary appraisal: Perceived coping skills
Term
What is General Adaption Syndrome?
Definition
The three stages a body goes through in reaction to stress; includes alarm stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage
Term
What is a Type A personality? A Type D?
Definition
Type A's are competitive, impatient, and angry

Type D's are individuals who suppress and rarely express unpleasant or negative emotions
Term
Describe the studies linking catastrophes to health related problems
Definition
Significant increase in heart attacks the day following the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake

Increases in calls to crisis centers and ERs following eruption of Mt St Helens

Significant increase in illness following plane crash in Lockerbie, Scotland
Term
What are the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder?
Definition
Recurring anxiety
Guilt
Sleep disorders
Nightmares
Flashbacks
Intrusive thoughts
Attention problems
Diminished hedonic capacity
Term
According to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, why does prolonged exposure to stress affect an individual’s health?
Definition
Your body depletes its stores of energy from being constantly stressed (leading to exhaustion), your immune system is depressed in order to compensate for the fight or flight (leading to illness)
Term
Describe the studies on laboratory animals and humans linking stress with an impaired immune system
Definition
Laboratory animals exposed to prolonged stress have a drop in immune cell activity

Laboratory animals injected with live cancer cells more likely to die of tumors if they receive inescapable shock

People under stress who were exposed to a cold virus experience more severe symptoms

Students have a weakened immune response system during final exams
Term
What does research suggest about the relationship between personality and coronary heart disease?
Definition
Elevated physiology and stress hormones

Increased stress on the heart

Stress hormones believed to accelerate the build-up of plaque on the walls of the heart’s arteries

Unhealthy lifestyles
Term
What is catastrophic thinking?
Definition
The tendency to perceive minor problems as disasters and to exaggerate their consequences
Term
Describe Ellis’s ABC model of catastrophic thinking.
Definition
A- Activating event (failing a test)
B- Belief system (I'm not as smart as others, I'll never graduate)
C- Consequences (feeling worthless, depression may develop)
Term
9. Describe the research that has shown that laughter, exercise and social support can mediate the negative effects of stress
Definition
-Rates of depression drop after a 10 week exercise program
-Laughter and a sense of humor are associated with stress management, increased tolerance to pain, and lower risk for illness

Studies reveal that people with social support networks cope better with stress, are less vulnerable to disease, have better recovery following an illness, and live longer
Term
Describe the differences between optimists and pessimists in how they explain their successes and failures
Definition
Pessimists attribute failure to causes that are internal, stable, and global and success to causes that are external, temporary, and specific

Optimists attribute failure to causes that are external, temporary, and specific while attributing success to causes that are internal, stable, and global
Term
What are the benefits of self-efficacy?
Definition
Influences people’s persistence and effort at a task

Less anxiety when working on a difficult task

Stronger immune defense system
Term
What are the three C’s of the hardy personality?
Definition
Commitment: A sense of purpose with regard to work, family, and other domains

Challenge: Openness to new experience and a desire to embrace change

Control: The belief that one has the power to influence important future outcomes
Term
How do social isolates differ health-wise with people who have close relationships?
Definition
Social isolates have more health-related problems, experience more stress, sleep less well, and are more likely to commit suicide

People with close relationships have better health, healthier immune systems, are less vulnerable to disease, and live longer
Term
Describe the research that has shown a positive effect on confiding with others and health
Definition
Spouses that lost their partner to suicide or car accidents had more health related problems if they bore their grief alone

Women who were victims of sexual abuse experience more health problems if they did not confide in someone

People who about a traumatic experience in a journal experience fewer health related problems
Term
How does the health of married people differ from their unmarried counterparts?
Definition
Compared to their unmarried counterparts, married people tend to live longer, healthier lives regardless of age, sex, race or income

They suffer fewer headaches and backaches, experience less stress, drink and smoke less
Term
Describe the research showing the negative effects that losing a partner can have on a person’s health
Definition
A Finnish study of 96,000 newly widowed people found their risk of death doubled a week following their partner’s death

Widowed people become more vulnerable to disease and death

A study of 30,000 men revealed that when a marriage ends, men drink and more and eat fewer vegetables
Term
Define conflict
Definition
A state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a clash
Term
What is a social dilemma?
Definition
When self-interests contribute to the collective detriment (overpopulation etc)
Term
Describe the "prisoner's dilemma"
Definition
A scenario in which two prisoners are being interrogated and each has incentive to accuse the other of committing a crime. If you snitch, you go free. If he snitches, you get 10 years. If neither snitches, you both get 1 year. If both snitch, you each receive 5 years
Term
What is the tragedy of the commons?
Definition
The “Commons” is any shared and limited resource. If everybody uses resources in moderation the resource can replenish itself over time. The “tragedy” occurs when individuals consume more than their share and the resource is depleted
Term
What are zero sum and non-zero sum games?
Definition
Zero-sum games have only one winner

Non-zero-sum games hold that with cooperation, both can win but with competition, both can lose
Term
What are mirror-image perceptions?
Definition
Reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict, i.e., each party views itself as moral and just and the other as evil and aggressive
Term
What is equal status contact?
Definition
Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status.
Term
What is a superordinate goal?
Definition
A shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another
Term
Define bargaining
Definition
Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties
Term
What is mediation?
Definition
An attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions
Term
What is arbitration?
Definition
Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement
Term
Provide some examples of a social dilemma
Definition
Overpopulation, global warming, and depletion of natural resources
Term
In the tragedy of the common's dilemma, under which conditions are people more likely to consume more than they realize?
Definition
When resources are not partitioned
Term
In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, how do people tend to explain the behavior of themselves and other people?
Definition
People explain their own behavior situationally (i had to protect myself against my exploiting opponent) and others dispositionsally (they were greedy); fundamental attribution error
Term
How does group discussion affect the resolution of social dilemmas? Does group discussion help or hinder the problem and why?
Definition
Communication reduces mistrust, enabling people to reach agreements that lead to their common betterment. It doesn't help 100% of the time (in cases where it can degenerate into threats or name calling) but it usually does
Term
According to Slavin (2003) what is a practical, proven method for implementing contact theory in the desegregated classroom?
Definition
Create team competition, where the team is composed of different races
Term
How does mirror image perception affect conflict and conflict resolution?
Definition
It can create more conflict and make resolution difficult, if not impossible
Term
What orientation is a mediator most likely to promote as a way to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution between parties?
Definition
Neutral?
Term
Describe the steps in Osgood's (1980) GRIT strategy
Definition
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction:
-One side announces their conciliatory intent
-Initiatory establishes credibility and genuineness by carrying out conciliatory acts
-Both sides retain retaliatory ability so that security is not jeopardized
Term
What are the processes involved in mediation?
Definition
Creating a win-win situation and unraveling misperceptions through communication
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