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Social Psych
Final Material
82
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/09/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Prosocial Behavior
Definition
Actions by individuals that help others with no immediate benefit to the helper
Term
empathy
Definition
emotional reactions that are focused on or oriented toward other people and include feelings of compassion, sympathy and concern
Term
empathy-altruism hypothesis
Definition
the suggestion that some prosocial acts are motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need
Term
negative state-relief model
Definition
the proposal that prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystanders desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions or feelings
Term
empathic joy hypothesis
Definition
the view is that helpers respond to the needs of a victim because they want to accomplish something, and doing so is rewarding in and of itself
Term
what are the three different views on the origins of prosocial behaviour?
Definition
Empathy-Altruism model
Negative State Relief Model
Empathic Joy Hypothesis
Term
kin selection theory
Definition
a theory suggesting that a key goal for all organisms - including human beings - is getting our genes into the next generation; one way in which individuals can reach this goal is by helping others who share their genes.
Term
social exclusion
Definition
conditions in which individuals feel that they have been excluded from some social group
Term
altruistic personality
Definition
a cluster of traits that predisposes individuals to behave in a prosocial matter (high in empathy, belief in a just world)
Term
5 characteristics of altruistic personality
Definition
1. empathy
2.belief in a just world (social responsibility)
3. social responsibility
4. internal locus of control (what you do has a large impact on others)
5. low egocentrism
Term
generativity
Definition
refers to an adult's interest in and commitment to the well-bring of future generations
Term
self - interest (egoism)
Definition
the view that a large portion of human behaviour is based on seeking whatever provides us with the most satisfaction; we seek rewards and try to avoid punishments
Term
moral integrity
Definition
refers to the extent which individuals care about considerations of goodness and fairness when they act; moral integrity frequently involves accepting some sacrifice of self-interest to do "the right thing"
Term
aggression
Definition
behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment
Term
drive theories
Definition
theories suggesting that aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others. Most famous = frustrations aggression hypothesis
Term
frustration - aggression hypothesis
Definition
the suggestion that frustration is a very powerful determinant of aggression
Term
general aggression model (GAM)
Definition
A modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitionsl
Term
provocations
Definition
actions by others that tend to trigger aggression in teh recipient, often because they are perceived as stemming from malicious intent
Term
teasing
Definition
provoking statements that call attention to the target's flaws and imperfections
Term
excitation transfer theory
Definition
a theory suggesting that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later situations
Term
cultures of honour
Definition
cultures in which there are strong norms indicating that aggression is an appropriate response to insult to one's honour
Term
TASS Model
Definition
"Traits as situational sensitivities" model. A view suggesting that many personality traits function in a threshold like manner, influencing behaviour only when situations evoke them
Term
Type A Behaviour
Definition
A pattern consisting primarily of high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility
Term
type B behaviour pattern
Definition
A pattern consisting of the absence of characteristics associated with the type A behaviour pattern
Term
hostile aggression
Definition
aggression in which the prime objective is inflicting some kind of harm on the victim
Term
instrumental aggression
Definition
aggression in which the primary goal is not to harm the victim but rather attainment of some other goal - for example, access to valued resources
Term
bullying
Definition
a pattern of behaviour in which one individual is chosen as the target of repeated aggression by one or more others; the target person (the victim) generally has less power than those who engage in the aggression (the bullies)
Term
workplace aggression
Definition
any form of behaviour through which individuals seek to harm others in their workplace
Term
effect-danger ratio
Definition
a principle suggesting that in situations in which they interact frequently with potential victims, most people try - when engaging in aggression - to maximize the harm they produce while minimizing the danger of retaliation
Term
forgiveness
Definition
giving up the desire to punish someone who has hurt us and seeking, instead to act in kind, helpful ways toward them
Term
catharsis hypothesis
Definition
the view that providing angry people with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression
Term
obligatory interdependence
Definition
because of our evolutionary history, it is necessary that we rely on the group for survival as a species
Term
group
Definition
a collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree
Term
common bond groups
Definition
groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction and in which the individual members are bonded to each other
Term
common-identity groups
Definition
face-to-face interaction is often absent, and the members are linked together via the category as a whole rather than each other
Term
entitativity
Definition
the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity.
Term
status
Definition
the individuals position or rank within the group
Term
roles
Definition
the set of behaviours that individuals occupy specific positions within a group are expected to perform
Term
norms
Definition
rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members should (or should not) behave
Term
collectivism
Definition
groups in which the norm is to maintain harmony among group members, even if doing so might entail some personal costs
Term
individualism
Definition
in such groups the norm is to value standing out from the group and being different from others; individual variability is to be expected and disagreement among members is tolerated
Term
cohesiveness
Definition
all forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in the group
Term
politicized collective identity
Definition
groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction and in which the individual members are bonded to each other
Term
ideology
Definition
the philosophical and political values that govern a group
Term
schism
Definition
splintering of a group into distinct factions following and ideological rift among members
Term
distraction-conflict theory
Definition
a theory suggesting that social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to the other people present and to the task being performed
Term
additive tasks
Definition
tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members
Term
evaluation apprehension
Definition
concern over being evaluated by others. such concern can increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects
Term
social loafing
Definition
reductions in motivation and work effort when individuals work in a group compared to when they work individually
Term
hooliganism
Definition
negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at sporting events, especially applied to incidents involving England's soccer fans
Term
deindividuation
Definition
a psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness brought on by external conditions such as being an anonymous member of a large crowd
Term
cooperation
Definition
behaviour in which groups work together to attain shared goals
Term
conflict
Definition
a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests
Term
social dilemmas
Definition
situations in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) people do the same thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced
Term
bargaining (negotiation)
Definition
a process in which opposing sides exchange offers, counteroffers and concessions, either directly or through representatives.
Term
superordinate goals
Definition
goals that both sides to a conflict seek and that tie their interests together rather than driving them apart.
Term
distributive justice (fairness)
Definition
refers to individuals judgements about whether they are receiving a fair share of available rewards - a share proportionate to their contributions to the group or any social relationship
Term
procedural justice
Definition
judgements concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members
Term
transactional justice
Definition
refers to the extent to which people who distribute rewards or explain or justify their decisions and show respect and courtesy to those who receive the rewards
Term
decision making
Definition
processes involved in combining and integrating available information to choose one out of several possible courses of action
Term
group polarization
Definition
the tendency of a group member to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held by the individual members as a result of group discussion
Term
groupthink
Definition
the tendency of the members of highly cohesive groups to assume that their decisions can't be wrong, that all embers must support the group's decisions strongly, and that information contrary to it should be ignored
Term
brainstorming
Definition
a process in which people meet as a group to generate new ideas freely
Term
what are the 7 symptoms of groupthink?
Definition
illusion of invulnerability
illusion of morality
develop stereotype views of their adversary or enemy
pressure to conform
illusion of unanimity
mind guard
Term
3 factors that influence groupthink
Definition
highly cohesive group
isolated from outside influences
strong & directed leader
Term
direct aggression
Definition
face to face physical or verbal aggression
Term
indirect aggression
Definition
rumours
gossip
exclusion
Term
hostile aggression
Definition
acts committed in the heat of the moment
-unplanned
-inflict pain, injury on someone
-can be physical, verbal or both
Term
instrumental aggression
Definition
harming as a means to obtaining some other goal, rather than to simply inflict pain/injury
-murdering a wealthy relative to obtain a big inheritance
-killing someone in self defence
-boxing
Term
3 main ideas about aggression
Definition
1. is innate
2. is response to external or situational causes
3. is learned
Term
factors of aggression
Definition
hormones (increased testosterone)
neural (frontal lobes stimulate/inhibit aggressive behaviour)
frustration
weapons
Term
Albert Bandura experiment
Definition
-preschool children watch video about woman performing aggressive acts toward "bobo doll" & shouting
-children taken to room w/ bobo doll
-children who watched the video, simulated her
-said and did very identical things
-children who hadn't seen vid were not as aggressive
Term
2 main methods to see if media violence affects aggression
Definition
before and after experiment
correlational study
Term
reasons for relationship between aggression and media
Definition
social learning theory explanation
normative explanation
desensitization
Term
casual helping
Definition
generally helping someone; everyday things
Term
substantial helping
Definition
ongoing commitment, helping a friend, volunteering
Term
emotional helping
Definition
comforting a friend
Term
emergency helping
Definition
giving assistance to a stranger who has been in an accident
Term
bystander effect
Definition
likelihood of someone to intervene in an emergency situation decreases as the number of individuals present increases
Term
factors that influence prosocial behaviour
Definition
mood - better the mood, more likely to help

guilt - if you're guilty, more likely to help

environmental factors - people in small towns more likely

personality factors
Term
good mood effect
Definition
if you're in a good mood, you are more likely to offer help
Term
characteristics of person in need of help
Definition
more likely to hep more attractive people
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