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Social Psych_Exam 3_Text
Social Psych_Exam 3_Text
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/02/2011

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Term
stereotypes
Definition
beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group
Term
prejudice
Definition
a negative attitude or affective (feelings) response toward a certain group and its individual members
Term
discrimination
Definition
unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
Term
modern racism (symbolic racism)
Definition
prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
Term
implicit association tests (IAT)
Definition
technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups
Term
priming
Definition
procedure used to increase to accessibility of a concept of schema (ex. a stereotype)
Term
realistic group conflict theory
Definition
group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups
Term
superordinate goals
Definition
goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together
Term
minimal group paradigm
Definition
experimental paradigm, researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another
Term
social identity theory
Definition
a person's self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs
Term
basking in reflected glory
Definition
tendency to take pride in the accomplishments fo those with whom we are in some way associated (ex. fans identifying with a winning team)
Term
frustration-aggression theory
Definition
frustration leads to aggression
Term
outgroup homogeneity affect
Definition

tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for out-groups than ingroups

(They all think, act, and look alike. We don't)

Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
acting in a way that tends to produce the very behavior we expected in the first place, as when we act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior we expect from them 
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
erroneous belief about a connection between events, characteristics, or categories that are not in fact related
Term
paired distinctiveness
Definition
the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur
Term
subtyping
Definition
explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole
Term
automatic processes
Definition
processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control
Term
controlled processes
Definition
processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thought
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
the fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient (important) group of which we are a member
Term
hostile aggression
Definition
behavior intended to harm another and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility
Term
instrumental aggression
Definition
behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility (ex. to attract attention, to acquire wealth)
Term
frustration
Definition
internal state that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes
Term
culture of honor
Definition
a culture that is defined by its members' strong concerns about their own and others' reputations, leading to sensitivity to slights and insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong or insult
Term
rape-prone cultures
Definition
cultures in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, and as a threat against women so that they will remain subservient to men
Term
inclusive fitness
Definition
evolutionary tendency to look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives together with their offspring so that our genes will survive
Term
altruism
Definition
unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self
Term
social rewards
Definition
benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others
Term
experienced distress
Definition
a motive for helping those in distress that may arise from a need to reduce our own distress
Term
empathetic concern
Definition
identifying with another person - feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing - accompanied by the intention to help the person in need
Term
bystander intervention
Definition
helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening; generally reduced as the number of observers increases, as each individual feels that someone else will probably help
Term
diffusion of responsibility
Definition
reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency/dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
bystanders may do nothing if they are not sure what is happening and don't see anyone else responding
Term
kin selection
Definition
tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
tendency to help others with the expectation that they are likely to help us in return at some future time
Term
tit-for-tat strategy
Definition
the individual's first move is cooperative and thereafter the individual mimics the other person's behavior (cooperative or competitive)
Term
social facilitation
Definition
initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; the effect (positive or negative) of the presence of others on performance
Term
dominant response
Definition
the response you are most likely to make
Term
evaluation apprehension
Definition
concern about how we appear in the eyes of others - about being evaluated
Term
distraction-conflict theory
Definition
theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand, it is attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects
Term
social loafing
Definition
tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored
Term
emergent properties of groups
Definition
those behaviors that only surface when people are in groups
Term
deindividuation
Definition
reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over people when they are in a large group
Term
individuation
Definition
enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, whic generally leads people to act carefully and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values
Term
self-awareness theory
Definition
when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values
Term
spotlight effect
Definition
people's conviction that other people are attending to them (to their appearance/behavior) more than is actually the case
Term
groupthink
Definition
faulty thinking on the part of highly cohesive groups, critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus
Term
self-censorship
Definition
tendency to withhold information or opinions in group discussions
Term
risky shift
Definition
tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would
Term
group polarization
Definition
tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals; whatever way individuals are leaning, group discussion tends to make them lean further in that direction
Term
social comparison theory
Definition
when there isn't an objective standard of evaluation, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others
Term

Stereotype threat

(Study of women's math test scores)

Definition

Condition 1- no gender differences on test

Condition 2- told there was a gender difference in favor of men

Results:
Condition 1- men/women performed same

Condition 2: men performed much better

Term
Stereotype threat can
Definition

-increase arousal, interfere with performance on complex tasks

-elicit negative thinking; obsesses with avoiding failure instead of succeeding

Vulnerability of blacks is dangerous, can result in poor academic performance (a vicious cycle)

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