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Social Psych_Exam 2
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69
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
04/03/2011

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Term
social influence
Definition
ways that people impact one another, including changes in attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior, that result from the comments, actions, or even the mere presence of others
Term
conformity
Definition
changing one's behavior/beliefs in response to explicit or implicit pressure (real or imagined) from others
Term
compliance
Definition
responding favorably to an explicit request by another person
Term
obedience
Definition
in an unequl power relationship, submitting to the demands of the more powerful person
Term
ideomotor action
Definition
the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes its actual performance more likely
Term
autokinetic illusion
Definition
the apparent motion of a stationary point of light in a completely darkened environment
Term
informational social influence
Definition
the influence of other people that results from taking their comments/actions as a source of informationabout what is correct/proper/effective
Term
normative social influence
Definition
the influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgements, and other social sanctions (ex. ostracism)
Term
internalization (private acceptance)
Definition
private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideology
Term
public compliance
Definition
agreeing with someone or advancing a position in public, even if we continue to believe something else in private
Term
norm of reciprocity
Definition
a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them
Term
negative state relief hypothesis
Definition
the idea that people engage in certain actions, such as agreeing to a request, in order to relieve negative feelings and to feel better about themselves
Term
reactance theory
Definition
the idea that people reassert their prerogatives in response to the unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they believe their freedoms are threatened
Term
attitude
Definition
an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion that includes the three elements of affect, cognition, behavior
Term
Likert scale
Definition
numerical scale used to assess people's attitudes that includes a set of possible answers and that has anchors on each extreme
Term
response latency
Definition
the time it takes an individual to respond to a stimulus such as an attitude question
Term
utilitarian function
Definition
an attitudinal function that serves to alert us to rewarding objects and situations we should approach and costly or punishing objects/situations we should avoid
Term
ego-defensive function
Definition
an attitudinal function that enables us to maintain cherished beliefs about ourselves by protecting us from awareness of our negative attributes and impulses or from facts that contradict our cherished beliefs or desires
Term
value-expressive function
Definition
an attitudinal function whereby attitudes help us express our more cherished values- usually in groups in which they can be supported or reinforced
Term
reference groups
Definition
groups whose opinions matter to us and that affect our opinions and beliefs
Term
knowledge function
Definition
an attitudinal function whereby attitudes help organize our understanding of the world, guiding how we attend to, store, and retrieve information
Term
heuristic-systematic model
Definition
model of persuasion that maintains that there are two different routes of persuasion: the systematic and heuristic routes
Term
elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
Definition
a model of persuasion that maintains that there are two different routes of persuasion: the central and peripheral routes
Term
central (systematic) route
Definition
a persuasive route; people think carefully and deliberately about the content of a message, attending to its logic, cogency, and arguments, as well as to related evidence and principles
Term
peripheral (heuristic) route
Definition
persuasive route; people attend to relatively simple, superficial cues related to the message, such as the length of the message or the expertise or attractiveness of the communicator
Term
sleeper effect
Definition
an effect that occurs when messages from unreliable sources initially exert little influence but later cause individuals attitudes to shift
Term
message characteristics
Definition
aspects of the message itself, including the quality of the evidence and the explicitness of its conclusions
Term
source characteristics
Definition
characteristics of the person who delivers the message, including the person's attractiveness, credibility, and expertise
Term
identifiable victim effect
Definition
tendency to be more moved by the plight of a single, vivid individual than by a more abstract aggregate of individuals
Term
reciever characteristics
Definition
characteristics of the person who recieves the message, including age, mood, personality, and motivation to attend to the message
Term
third person effect
Definition
assumption by most people "other people" are more prone to being influenced by persuasive messages than they themselves are
Term
agenda control
Definition
efforts of the media to select certain events and topics to emphasize, thereby shaping which issues and events we think are important
Term
thought polarization hypothesis
Definition
more extended thought about a particular issue tends to produce more extreme, entrenched attitudes
Term
attitude inoculation
Definition
small attacks on our beliefs that engage our attitudes, prior commitments, and knowledge structures, enabling us to counteract a subsequent larger attack and be resistant to persuasion
Term
propinquity
Definition
physical proximity
Term
sociometric survey
Definition
a survey that attempts to measure the interpersonal relationships in a group of people
Term
functional distance
Definition
an architectural layout's tendency to encourage or inhibit certain activities, like contact between people
Term
counterbalancing
Definition
methodological procedure used to ensure that any extraneous variable (ex. stimulus person's name) that might influence dependent measure (ex. liking) is distributed equally across experimental conditions (ex. specific names are used often equally in all conditions of the experiment)
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a greater liking of the stimulus
Term
fluency
Definition
experience of ease associated with perceiving and thinking
Term
complementarity
Definition
the tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from and that complement their own
Term
halo effect
Definition
common belief (accurate or not) that attractive people possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen
Term
reproductive fitness
Definition
the capacity to get one's genes passed on to subsequent generations
Term
intrasex competition
Definition
direct competition between 2+ males or 2+ females for access to members of the opposite sex
Term
intersex attraction
Definition
interest in and attraction toward a member of the opposite sex
Term
social exchange theory
Definition
there are costs and rewards in all relationships and how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of the costs/rewards aavailable to them in other relationships
Term
equity theory
Definition
people are motivated to pursue fairness (equity) in their relationships, with rewards/costs shared roughly equally among individuals
Term
interpersonal relationships
Definition
attachments in which bonds of family or friendship or love, respect, or hierarchy tie together 2+ individuals over an extended period of time
Term
attachment theory
Definition
how our early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the remainder of our lives
Term
working model of relationships
Definition
conceptual model of relationships with our current partners (including their availability, warmth, and ability to provide security) as derived from our childhood experience with how available and warm our parents were
Term
strange situation
Definition
experiemental situation designed to assess an infant's attachment to a caregiver; infants reactions are observed after caregiver has left her alone in an unfamiliar room with a stranger and then caregiver returns
Term
secure attachment style
Definition
feelings of security in relationships; individuals are comfortable with intimacy and want to be close to others during times of threat
Term
avoidant attachment style
Definition
feelings of insecurity in relationships; individuals exhibit compulsive self-reliance, prefer distance from others, detached during times of threat
Term
anxious attachment style
Definition
feelings of insecurity in relationships; compulsively seek closeness, express continual worries about relationships, excessively try to get closer to others in times of threat
Term
relational self theory
Definition
examines how prior relationships shape our current beliefs, feelings, and interactions through people who remind us of significant others from our past
Term
relational self
Definition
beliefs, feelings, expectations that we have ourselves that derive from our relationships with significant others in our lives
Term
communal relationships
Definition
relationships in which the individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and give and recieve according to the principle of need; such relationships are often long term
Term
exchange relationships
Definition
relationships in which the individuals feel little reponsibility toward one another and in which giving and recieving are govened by concerns about equity and reciprocity; such relationships are often short term
Term
power
Definition
ability to control our own outcomes and those of others; the freedom to act
Term
status
Definition
the outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominency, which in part determines an individual's power within a group
Term
authority
Definition
power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements
Term
dominance
Definition
behavior that ahs the acquisition or demonstration of power as its goal
Term
approach/inhibition theory
Definition
higher-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick judgements; low-power individuals are more likely to constrain their behavior and attend to others carefully
Term
social dominance orientation
Definition
desire to see one's own group dominate other groups
Term
triangular theory of love
Definition
there are three major components of love- passion, intimacy, and commitment- which can be combined in different ways
Term
investment model of interpersonal relationships
Definition
three things make partners more committed to each other: rewards, few alternative partners, and investments in the relationship
Term
interaction dynamics approach
Definition
approach to the study of the behaviors and conversations of couples, with a focus on both negative behaviors (ex. anger) and positive behaviors (ex. affection)
Term

remote feedback

(milgram experiment)

Definition

teacher in a separate room from learner, but able to hear learner thumping on wall

-greatest amount of conformity

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