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Social Psych 1-4 Test 1
Social Psych Mahoney
94
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/05/2011

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Term
Social Psychology
Definition
scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
Term
Social Psychology's big ideas
Definition
We construct our social reality
Our social intuitions are often powerful but sometimes perilous
Social influences shape our behavior
Personal attitudes and dispostions also shape behavior
Social behavior is biologically rooted
Social psychology's principles are applicable in everyday life
Term
Values and Psychology
Definition
Values enter the picture when social psychologists choose research topics
Values differ not only across time but also across cultures.
Term
Culture
Definition
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Term
Social representations
Definition
socially shared beliefs--widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.
Term
Hindsight bias
Definition
The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out. (I knew it all along phenomenon.)
Term
Theory
Definition
an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
Term
Field Research
Definition
research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
Term
Correlational research
Definition
the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.
Term
Experimental research
Definition
studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).
Term
Correlation
Definition
indicates a relationship, but that relationship is not necessarily one of cause and effect. Can predict, but it cannot tell us whether changing one variable (such as social status) will cause changes in another (such as health).
Term
Survey research
Definition
a way to measure variables such as status and health.
Term
Random sample
Definition
survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion
Term
Random assignment
Definition
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.
Term
Framing
Definition
the way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions.
Term
Independent variable
Definition
the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates.
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable.
Term
Mundane Realism
Definition
degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
Term
Experimental Realism
Definition
degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants
Term
Deception
Definition
In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes.
Term
Demand characteristics
Definition
Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.
Term
Informed consent
Definition
an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
Term
Debriefing
Definition
the post experimental explanation of a study to its participants. Usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings.
Term
Spotlight effect
Definition
the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are
Term
Illusion of transparency
Definition
the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
Term
Self concept
Definition
A person's answers to the question, "Who am I?"
Term
self-schema
Definition
beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
Term
Possible self
Definition
images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
Term
Social comparisons
Definition
evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others
Term
Individualism
Definition
the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Term
Collectivism
Definition
giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity in relation to others
Term
Interdependent self
Definition
construing one's identity in relation to others
Term
Self-knowledge
Definition
we don't know ourselves as well as we think we do
Term
confederate
Definition
someone who knowingly participates in an experiment to cause something to happen that normally wouldn't
Term
False
Definition
True or False? We are good at predicting our feelings
Term
Impact bias
Definition
overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
Term
Immune neglect
Definition
the human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system," which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen
Term
Dual attitudes
Definition
Differing implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
Term
Self-esteem
Definition
a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
Term
Self-esteem motivation
Definition
people's perceiving one of you as more capable than the other will motivate the less able one to act in ways that maintain self-esteem
Term
Dark-side of self-esteem
Definition
People with low self-esteem often have problems in life--they make less money, abuse drugs, and are more likely to be depressed
Term
Dark-side of self-esteem
Definition
People with low self-esteem often have problems in life--they make less money, abuse drugs, and are more likely to be depressed
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth.
Term
locus-of-control
Definition
The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
Term
cost of excess choice
Definition
you may be less happy with the choice you choose after picking from 30 choices rather than 6
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
the tendency to perceive oneself favorable
Term
self-serving attribution
Definition
a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
Term
defensive pessimism
Definition
the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action
Term
false consensus effect
Definition
the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
Term
false uniqueness effect
Definition
the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
the tendency to perceive oneself favorable
Term
group-serving bias
Definition
explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)
Term
False modesty
Definition
display lower self-esteem than we privately feel
Term
self-handicapping
Definition
protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
Term
self-presentation
Definition
the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression
Term
Priming
Definition
activating particular associations in memory
Term
True
Definition
True or False-We are good at predicting events of another person's life.
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it.
Term
True
Definition
True or False? We "remember" holding the opinion that we now hold.
Term
Intuitive judgments
Definition
immediately knowing something without reasoning or analysis
Term
controlled processing
Definition
"explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
Term
automatic processing
Definition
"implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly corresponds to "intuition"
Term
Overconfidence phenomenon
Definition
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
Term
Overconfidence phenomenon
Definition
the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's perceptions
Term
Heuristics
Definition
a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.
Term
counterfactual thinking
Definition
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't.
Term
illusory thinking
Definition
our search for order in random events
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
Term
illusion of control
Definition
perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are.
Term
regression towards the average
Definition
the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average
Term
misattribution
Definition
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source
Term
attribution theory
Definition
the theory of how people explain others' behavior
Term
dispositional attribution
Definition
attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits
Term
situational attribution
Definition
attributing behavior to the environment
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior
Term
self-awareness
Definition
a self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. it makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Term
Attitude
Definition
a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behavior)
Term
False: They do predict our behaviors.
Definition
True or False? Our attitudes don't predict our behavior when these other influences on what we say and do are minimal, when the attitude is specific to the behavior, and when the attitude is potent.
Term
Role
Definition
a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave
Term
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Term
low-ball technique
Definition
a tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive on the costly request are less likely to comply with it.
Term
insufficient justification
Definition
reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient."
Term
self-perception theory
Definition
the theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.
Term
True
Definition
True or false? Expressions can brings about attitudes.
Term
overjustification effect
Definition
the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.
Term
self-affirmation theory
Definition
a theory that (a) people often experience a self-image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and (b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self-concept in one domain and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.
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