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Social-Final
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49
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/08/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Need for affiliation
Definition
The basic need to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships.
Term
Proximity
Definition
In attraction research, the physical closeness between two individuals with respect to where they live, where they sit in a classroom, where they work, and so on.  The smaller the physical distance, the greater the probability that the two people will come into repeated contact eperiencing repeated exposure to one another, positive affect, and the development of mutual attraction.
Term
Physical attractiveness
Definition
The combination of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at the positive extreme and as unattractive at the negative extreme.
Term
Repeated exposure effect
Definition
Zajonc's finding that frequent contact with any mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus results in an increasingly positive evaluation of the stimulus.
Term
Similarity-dissimilarity effect
Definition
The consistent finding that people respond positively to indications that another person in similar to themselves and negatively to indications that another person is dissimilar from themselves.
Term
Attitude similarity
Definition
The extent to which two individuals share the same attitudes.
Term
Proportion of similarity
Definition
The number of specific indicators that two people are similar divided by the number of specific indicators that two people are similar plus the number of specific indicators that they are dissimilar.
Term
Repulsion hypothesis
Definition
Rosenbaum's provocative proposal that attraction is not increased by similar attitudes but is simoply decreased by dissimilar attitudes.  This hypothesis is incorrect as stated, but it is true that dissimilar attitudes tend to have negative effects that are stronger than the positive effects of similar attitudes.
Term
Matching hypothesis
Definition
The idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive romantic partners, we generally focus on obtaining ones whose physical beauty is the same as our own.
Term
Balance theory
Definition
The formulations of Heider and of Newcomb that specify the relationships among (1) an individual's liking for another person, (2) his or her attitude about a given topic, and (3) the other person's attitude about the same topic.  Balance (liking plus agreement) results in a positive emotional state.  Imbalance (liking plus disagreement) results in a negative state and a desire to restore balance.  Nonbalance (liking plus either agreement or disagreement) leads to indifference.
Term
Social comparison theory
Definition
Festinger (1954) suggested that people compare themselves to others because, for many domains and attributes, there is no objective yardstick with which to evaluate the self, so we compare ourselves to others to gain this information.
Term
Attachment style
Definition
The degree of security experienced in interpersonal relationships.  Differential styles initially develop in the interactions between infant and caregiver when the infant acquires basic attitudes about self-worth and interpersonal trust.
Term
Interpersonal trust
Definition
An attitudinal dimension underlying attachment styles that involves the belief that other people are generally trustworthy, dependable, and reliable as opposed to the belief that others are generally untrustworthy, undependable, and unreliable.  This is the most successful and most desirable attachment style.
Term
Secure attachment style
Definition
A style characterized by high self-esteem and high interpersonal trust.  This is the most successful and most desirable attachment style.
Term
Fearful-avoidant attachment style
Definition
A style characterized by low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust.  This is the most insecure and least adaptive attachment style.
Term
Preoccupied attachment style
Definition
A style characterized by low self-esteem and high interpersonal trust.  This is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual strongly desires a close relationship but feels that he or she is unworthy of the partner and is thus vulnerable to being rejected.
Term
Dismissing attachment style
Definition
A style characterized by high self-esteem and low interpersonal trust.  This is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual feels that he or she deserves a close relationship but is frustrated because of mistrust of potential partners.   The result is the tendency to reject the other person at some point in the relationship to avoid being the one who is rejected.
Term
Close friendship
Definition
A relationship in which two people spend a great deal of time together, interact in a variety of situations and provide mutual emotional support.
Term
Love
Definition
A combinations, cognitions, and behaviors that often play a crucial role in intimate relationships.
Term
Passionate love
Definition
An intense and often unrealistic emotional response to another person.  When this emotion is experienced, it is usually perceived as an indication of true love, but to outside observers it appears to be infatuation.
Term
Unrequited love
Definition
Love felt by one person for another who does not feel love in return.
Term
Companionate love
Definition
Love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, shared interests, respect, and concern for one another's welfare.
Term
Triangular model of love
Definition
Sternberg's conceptualization of love relationships
Term
Intimacy
Definition
In Sternberg's triangular model of love, the closeness felt by two people--the extent to which they are bonded.
Term
Passion
Definition
In Sternberg's triangular model of love, the sexual motives and a sexual excitement associated with a couple's relationship.
Term
Decision/commitment
Definition
In Sternberg's triangular model of love, these are the cognitive processes involved in deciding that you love another person and are committed to maintain the relationship.
Term
Consummate love
Definition
In Sternberg's triangular model of love, a complete and ideal love that combines intimacy, passion, and decision (commitment)
Term
Social capital
Definition
The number of social ties each person has to others; typically these are connections people can draw on for knowledge, assistance, or other social goods.
Term
Self-promotion
Definition
Attempting to present ourselves to others as having positive attributes.
Term
Self-verification perspective
Definition
Theory that addresses the processes by which we lead others to agree with our views of ourselves; wanting others to agree with how we see ourselves.
Term
Ingratiation
Definition
When we try to make others like us by conveying that we like them; praising others to flatter them.
Term
Self-deprecating
Definition
Putting ourselves down or implying that we are not as good as someone else.
Term
Introspection
Definition
To privately contemplate "who we are".  It is a method for attempting to gain self knowledge.
Term
Social identity theory
Definition
Addresses how we respond when our group identity is salient.  Suggests that we will move closer to positive others with whom we share an identity but distance from other ingroup members who perform poorly or otherwise make our social identiy negative.
Term
Personal versus-social identity continuum
Definition
At the personal level, the self is thought of as a unique individual whereas at the social identity level, the self is seen as a member of a group.
Term
Salience
Definition
When someone or some object stands out from its background or is the focus of attention.
Term
Intragroup comparisons
Definition
Judgments that result from comparisons between individuals who are members of the same group.
Term
Intergroup comparisons
Definition
Judgments that result from comparisons between our group and another group.
Term
Autobiographical memory
Definition
Concerned with memory of the ourselves in the past, sometimes over the life course as a whole.
Term
Possible selves
Definition
Image of how we might be in the future--either a "dreaded" potential to be avoided or "desired" potential that can be strived for.
Term
Self-control
Definition
Achieved by refraining from actions we like and instead performing actions we prefer not to do as a means of achieving a long term goal.
Term
Ego-depletion
Definition
The lowered capacity to exert subsequent self-control following earlier efforts to exert self-control.  Performance decrements are typically observed when people's ego strength has been depleted by prior efforts at self-control.
Term
Self-esteem
Definition
The degree to which we perceive ourselves positively or negatively; our overall attitude toward ourselves.  It can be measured explicitly or implicitly.
Term
Implicit self-esteem
Definition
Feelings about the self of which we are not consciously aware.
Term
Downward social comparison
Definition
A comparison of the self to another who does less well than or is inferior to us.
Term
Upward social comparison
Definition
A comparison of the self to another who does better than or is superior to us.
Term
Social comparison theory
Definition
Festinger (1954) suggested that people compare themselves to others because for many domains and attributes there is no objective yardstick to evaluate ourselves against, and other people are therefore highly informative.
Term
Self-evaluation maintenance model
Definition
The perspective suggests that to maintain a positive view of ourselves, we distance ourselves from others who perform better than we do on valued dimensions and move closer to others who perform worse than us.  This view suggests that doing so will protect our self-esteem.
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
Can occur when people believe that they might be judged in light of a negative stereotype about their group or that, because of their performance, they may be in some way confirm a negative stereotype of their group.
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