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Social Exclusion in Latin America Midterm
Continued (Class)
35
Sociology
Undergraduate 4
10/29/2009

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Term
What does class tell you?
Definition
-employment status=>social position
-=>strength of commitment to FORMAL labor force
Term
Which tells more? Class or income? Why?
Definition
Class tells you something about where you get that income.
-access to resources; skill levels, access to labor; status; what you need to GET access in society; identity (where you sit in society)
Term
Concerning deindustrialization, how do the US/Europe differ from Latin America?
Definition
LA had an INCOMPLETE transition to industry.
-deindustrialized ppl moved to services
-from agriculture directly to services
-expansion in financial services
Term
How do Marx and Portes differ?
Definition
Marx all about ownership of production. Portes thinks there are also important ppl working that do not own the place--high level management; they can mobilize the ppl to work; closer to the ruling class because they have that power; Marx:still just getting a wage; their relationship to the means of production stays the same
Term
What is the underclass?
Definition
Wilson thinks it is comprised of individuals and families who are OUTSIDE of MAINSTREAM of American OCCUPATIONAL system (weak attachments)
Term
How about Douglas Massey's definition of the underclass?
Definition
Similar, but social isolation added.
Term
Relationship between blacks and underclass?
Definition
There is an african american concentration in the underclass.
Term
What is a result of deindustrialization according to Wilson?
Definition
The underclass.
Term
What are common US concepts of class?
Definition
1. Middle class society. Most everyone thinks they are part of the middle class. 2. Race is the defining cleavage, not class, like in other countries (Britain)
Term
Is Class the defining cleavage in the US?
Definition
No. Race is.
Term
What are the mainstream some social stratification concepts in the US?
Definition
Income, poverty, inequality
Term
Is class a mainstream social stratification concept?
Definition
No. Avoided by the media due to Marxist origins.
Term
What does omission of class concept do?
Definition
It obscures important social dynamics
Term
What is Portes and Hoffman's definition of class?
Definition
Class is the DISCRETE and DURABLE CATEGORIES of the population characterized by differential ACCESS to power-conferring RESOURCES and related LIFE CHANCES.
Term
What is Marx's definition of class?
Definition
The relation to MEANS OF PRODUCTION of individuals, emphasizing EXPLOITATION and historical conflict.
Term
What is Weber's definition of class?
Definition
Power, prestige, and status of individuals related to MARKET POSITION, emphasizing LIFE CHANCES.
Term
What are modern views of class?
Definition
Control over labor of others; owning scarce occupational skills
Term
What are some advantages of class analysis versus income inequality and poverty and such?
Definition
-focuses on CAUSES of poverty and inequality, not just its manifestations
-seeks the HOW. an analysis of politics. how the powerful defend their privileges. how social conflicts develop and evolve
Term
Portes defines classes by what?
Definition
Control of capital and means of production; control of bureaucratically-organized labor; control of scarce, highly-values skills;
control of subsidiary, technical administrative skills, protected and regulated under the law
Term
Map classes in LA.
Definition
Capitalists=less than 2%
Executive= less than 2%
Professionals= 3%
Petty Bourgeouisie= 9%
Non-manual formal proletariat= 12%
Manual formal proletariat= 23%
Informal proletariat= 46%
Term
Of all classes in Latin America, which comprises the largest percentage?
Definition
Most: Informal proletariat: 46%
Term
Of all classes in Latin America, which comprises the smallest percentage?
Definition
capitalists: less than 2%
executives: less than 2%
Term
How is the Latin American working class divided?
Definition
Industrial working class (elite workers)
Public sector employers
Informal sector workers
Term
Is the phrase "informal economic sector" a euphemism for poverty?
Definition
No, it is a form of relationship of production.
Term
How is the government involved with the informal sector?
Definition
It isn't. Informal sector is unregulated, unmonitored, not taxed
Term
What kinds of occupations/people does it include?
Definition
Street vendors, sweatshop workers, garbage pickers, unregulated skilled work (doctors who practice from their homes)
Term
Is the informal sector exclusive to the developing world?
Definition
No. Also found in developed countries.
Term
How did neoliberalism affect the public sector and formal proletariat?
Definition
There is a decrease of public sector workers and formal proletariat.
Term
How did neoliberalism affect the micro-entrepeneurial class?
Definition
It increased it.
Term
How did neoliberalism affect the informal sector?
Definition
The informal sector increased--but you also see a stagnation of the people in it
Term
Whose income grew most due to neoliberalism?
Definition
The dominant class incomes grew more than the worker's
Term
Was there an increase or decrease in income inequality?
Definition
There was an increase.
Term
How was the income at top affected by neoliberalism?
Definition
It grew more concentrated.
Term
What was its relationship to ISI?
Definition
It was a contrast to Import Substitution Industrialization.
Term
What are some of the adaptive strategies taken by the poor and the middle classes in the wake of Neoliberalism?
Definition
-increasing violent crime
-civil society
-changing popular mobilization and party politics
-international migration
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