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Social Behaviour
Chapter 16
52
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/15/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Social Psychology
Definition
the way individuals' thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by others
Term
Person Perception
Definition

·       the process of forming impressions of others

Term
Schemas
Definition

cognitive structures that guide information processing

Term
Social Schemas
Definition

 organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people

Term
Illusory Correlation
Definition

when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen

Term
Ingroup
Definition

a group that one belongs to and identifies with

Term
Outgroup
Definition

a group that one does not belong to or identify with

Term
Attributions
Definition

    inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behaviour and their own behaviour 

 

Term
Internal Atrributions
Definition

·       ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities and feelings

Term
External Attributions
Definition

        ascribe the causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints

Term
Fundamental Attribution Error 
Definition

       observer’s bias in favour of internal attributions in explaining others’ behaviour

Term
Actor-Observer Bias
Definition

--> actors favour external attributions for their behaviours

--> observers are more likely to explain the same behaviour with internal attributions

Term
Defensive Attribution
Definition

     - tendency to blame victims for their misfortune so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way -people think problems that happen to other people are unlikely to happen to them

Term
Individualism
Definition
Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships
Term
Collectivism
Definition

·       putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to

Term
Self-Serving Bias
Definition

       tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors

Term
Interpersonal Attraction
Definition

refers to positive feelings toward another person

Term
Matching Hypothesis
Definition

proposes that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

Term
Passionate Love
Definition

       complete absorption into another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion

Term
Companionate Love
Definition

·       warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own

Term
Intimacy
Definition

       warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship

Term
Commitment
Definition

·       the intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise

Term
Attachment Anxiety
Definition

       reflects how much people worry that their partners will not be available when needed -excessive reassurance seeking, the tendency to persistently ask for assurances from partners that one is worthy of love

Term
Attachment Avoidance
Definition

reflects the degree to which people feel uncomfortable with closeness and intimacy

Term
Attitudes
Definition

positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought

Term
Explicit Attitudes
Definition

       attitudes that we hold consciously and can readily describe

Term
Implicit Attitudes
Definition

·       secret attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses over which we have little conscious control

Term
Source
Definition

person who sends a communication

Term
Receiver
Definition

       person to who the message is sent

Term
Message
Definition

       information transmitted by the source

Term
Channel
Definition

·       medium through which the message is sent

Term
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition

       the finding that repeated exposures to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus

Term
Learning Theory
Definition

·       attitude formation is one of many facets of learning theory

·       attitudes can be learned from parents, peers, the media, cultural traditions and other social influences

·       created through classical conditioning

·       advertisers take advantage of this by pairing their products with things that emit pleasant emotional experiences

·       other people’s attitude can rub off on you through observational learning

Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition

·       exists when related cognitions are inconsistent, that is, when they contradict each other

Term
Self-Perception Theory
Definition

·       states that people often infer their attitudes from their behaviour

Term
Social Roles
Definition

widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave

Term
Conformity
Definition

occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure

Term
Normative Influence
Definition

operates when people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

Term
Informational Influence
Definition

operates when people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

Term
Obedience
Definition

a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

Term
Bystander Effect
Definition

when people are less likely to provide needed help to others when they are in groups than when they are alone

Term
Diffusion of Responsibility
Definition

the concept that in a group, responsibility is divided, with people thinking somebody else will help

Term
Social Loafing
Definition

·       a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves

Term
Risky Shift
Definition

·       groups can arrive at riskier decisions than individuals

Term
Polarization
Definition

a shift toward a more extreme position

Term
Group Polarization
Definition

·       when group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction

Term
Group Think
Definition

occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision

Term
Group Cohesiveness
Definition

      the strength of the linking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself; this could be a contributing factor to groupthink

Term
Social Neuroscience
Definition

·       an approach to research and theory in social psychology that integrates models of neuroscience and social psychology to study the mechanisms of social behaviour

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