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Social and cross-cultural psychology
Chapter 14 Prejudice and Intergroup relations
35
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2012

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Term
Etnocentrism
Definition
The tendency to judge ingroup attributes as superior to those of the outgroup and, morge generally, to judge outgroups from an ingroup perspective
Term
Prejudice
Definition
An attitude or orientation towards a group (or its members) that devalues it directly or indirectly, often to the benefit of the self or own group
Term
authoritarian personality
Definition
Personality syndrome characterized by a simplistic cognitive style, a rigid regard for social conventions and submission to authority figures (associated with prejudice towards minority groups and susceptibility to Fascism)
Term
Social dominance orientation
Definition
an individual difference variable that captures a desire for hierarchical group relations
Term
Accentuation effect
Definition
When (social) categories are correlated with a continuous dimension (e.g. skin color, eye shape) there is a judgmental tendency to overestimate similarities within, and differences between the categories on this dimension
Term
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Definition
A tendency to see the outgroup as more homogeneous than the ingroup
Term
Illusory correlation effect
Definition
A tendency to perceive a relationship that does not actually exist (e.g. between a group and negative behavior), or to perceive one that does exist as stronger than it actually is
Term
Leader in the field: Muzafer Sherif
Definition
Realistic conflict theory
Term
Superordinate goals
Definition
Goals that can only be achieved by two groups working together cooperatively, to mutual benefit
Term
positive interdependence
Definition
A situation in which there are positive bonds between individuals or groups characterized by cooperation, reciprocity and mutual benefits
Term
negative interdependence
Definition
A situation in which bonds between individuals or groups are characterized by conflicts of interests, often leading to antagonism or realistic conflict
Term
Ingroup bias
Definition
Behaviors or evaluations that favor the ingroup over the outgroup; ingroup favoritism treats the ingroup more positively, outgroup derogation treats the outgroup less positively
Term
Social identity
Definition
That part of our self-concept corresponding to group memberships, and the value and emotional significance attached to these memberships
Term
Leader in the field: Henri Tajfel
Definition
Social identity
Term
Group identification
Definition
the degree to which people see themselves in terms of a group membership (group-level self-definition) and the degree of value and emotional attachment to the group (group-level self-investment)
Term
Positive-negative asymetry
Definition
Evidence that people show more ingroup bias when distributing positive rewards than punishment or penalites
Term
Relative deprivation
Definition
A resentful feeling that the self or ingroup is worse off than the other or outgroup
Term
Positive differentiation
Definition
Involves maing the group positively different from a comparison outgroup on available dimensions of comparison (e.g. by means of more positive evaluations or reward allocations)
Term
Self-esteem hypothesis
Definition
The prediction that ingroup bias will lead to an increase in group level self-esteem or staisfaction
Term
Social reality constraints
Definition
Evidence that the outgroup is clearly better on a certain dimension can make ingroup bias on that dimension difficult to justify
Term
Leader in the field: Amélie Mummendey
Definition
'Different but better' differentiation strategy, the 'positive-negative asymmetry' and the ingroup projection model
Term
Leader in the field: John Turner
Definition
Self-categorization theory
Term
Leader in the field: Naomi Ellemers
Definition
social stereotyping, discrimination. power, respect and morality in intergroup contexts
Term
Outgroup bias
Definition
A tendency to favor the outgroup over the ingroup in terms of evaluations or reward allocations
Term
Group emotions
Definition
emotions experienced as members of social groups rather than as individuals, reflecting appraisals of events in terms of group level concerns and coping resources
Term
Contact hypothesis
Definition
Intergroup contact will reduce prejudice if it (1) has acquaintance potential; (2) takes place under conditions of equal status; (3) involves cooperation towards a common goal; and (4) takes place in a supportive normative climate
Term
Leader in the field: Gordon W. Allport
Definition
The nature of prejudice
Term
Jigsaw classroom
Definition
A cooperative teaching method designed to reduce prejudice in diverse classrooms
Term
Decategorization
Definition
Reducing the salience of intergroup boundaries through personalized contact; attention to idiosyncractic rather than category-based information about outgroup members should, over time, reduce the usefulness of the category, and reduce prejudice
Term
Recategorization (common ingroup identity model)
Definition
recommends replacing salient ingroupp-outgroup distinctions at a subordinate level with a common ingroup identity at a superordinate level that includes both former ingroup and outgroup members
Term
Mutual differentiation (categorization model)
Definition
making group affiliations salient during contact to give members of the respective groups distinct but complementary roles
Term
Intergroup anxiety
Definition
A negative affective state experienced when anticipating future, or experiencing actual, contact with an outgroup member, stemming from the expectation of negative consequences for oneself during intergroup interactions
Term
Ingroup reappraisal
Definition
Realization that ingroup norms, customs and lifestyles are not iherentl superio to those of ougroups; this process is implicated in the generalization of positive contact effects to other outgroups
Term
Extended contact hypothesis
Definition
Mere knowledge that an ingroup member has a clos relationship with an outgroup member can improve outgroup attitudes
Term
Principle-implementation gap
Definition
Acceptance of racial equality in principle is accompanied by resistance to specific policies that would bring about such racial equality
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