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Social and cross-cultural psychology
Chapter 13 Group performance and leadership
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2012

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Term
Potentional group performance (Group potential)
Definition
The performance that would have occurred if the members of a group had worked independently of each other and not as a group; a common benchmark to evaluate actual group performance
Term
Group task types
Definition
Group tasts are distinguished depending on whether the task is divisible between group members, whether the quality or quantity of the output is releveant, and how individual contributions are related to the group's performance
Term
Leader in the field: Ivan D. Steiner
Definition
Dimensions of group tasks
Term
Brainstorming
Definition
Generating as many ideas as possible on a given topic in a group
Term
Eureka effect
Definition
Describes the situation when the correct solution to a rpblem, once it is found, is immediately recognized as being correct by group members
Term
Coordination losses
Definition
Describe the diminished performance of a group if it fails to coordinate the contributions of its individual members in an optimal manner
Term
Ringelmann effect
Definition
Describes the finding that in physical tasks such as weight pulling, the average performance of individual group members decreases with increasing group size
Term
Leader in the field: Max Ringelmann
Definition
Ringelmann effect
Term
Nominal group
Definition
A number of individuals who perform a task individually and work independently of each other; nominal groups are used to determine the potential performance of groups
Term
Production blocking
Definition
A process loss typical of brainstorming tasks in face-to-face groups; since in a group only one person can speak at a time, the other group members cannot express their own ideas at the same time
Term
Motivation losses and gains
Definition
Decreases or increases in group members' motivation to contribute to group task performance
Term
Motavitation loss: Social loafing
Definition
A motivation loss in groups that occurs when group members reduce their effort due to the fact that individual contributions to group performance are not identifiable
Term
Motivation loss: Dispensability effect
Definition
A reduction in group members' task-related effort because their individual contribtuion seems to have little impact on group performance
Term
Motivation loss: Sucker effect
Definition
A motivation loss in groups that occurs when group members perceive or anticipate that other group members will lower their effort: to avoid being exploited, they reduce their effort themselves
Term
Task types:
Definition
Additive, disjunctive, conjunctive
Term
Additive
Definition
sum of member's individual performance
Term
Disjunctive
Definition
Best member's individual performance
Term
Conjunctive
Definition
Weakest member's individual performance
Term
Leader in the field: Norbert Kerr
Definition
Work on group decision-making and group performance
Term
Motivation gain: Social competition
Definition
A motivation gain in groups that occurs if the group members want to outperform each other during group tasks in which the individual contributions are identifiable
Term
Motivation gain: Social compensation
Definition
A motivation gain in groups that occurs if stronger group members increase their effort in order to compensate for weaker members' suboptimal performance
Term
Motivation gain: Köhler effect
Definition
A motivation gain in groups which involves weaker group members working harder than they would do individually in order to avoid being responsible for a weak group performance
Term
Individual capability gains and losses
Definition
Improvements or impairments in individual group member's ability to successfully perform a task due to social interaction within the group
Term
Cognitive restriction
Definition
A capability loss in group tasks that involve idea generation, which occurs when an idea mentioned by another group member makes people focus on the particular category this idea belongs to, at the expense of generating ideas from other categories
Term
Cognitive stimulation
Definition
A capability gain in group tasks that involve idea generation, which occurs when an idea mentioned by another group member stimulates a cognitive category one would otherwise not have thought of
Term
Group composition
Definition
Specifies how certain characteristics are distributed within a group
Term
Group performance management
Definition
The sum of activities aimed at maximizing (or improving) the group-specific component of group performance
Term
Hidden profile
Definition
A group decision situation in which information is distributed among group members such that no individual group member can detect the best solution based on his or her own information
Term
Group synchronization
Definition
The sum of activities aimed at optimizing the collaborative generation, modification and integration of individual contributions in a group
Term
Group learning
Definition
A generic term for several learning processes that can only occur if several people work interactively on the same task
Term
Individual-to-individual transfer
Definition
Individual learning processes whereby a group member's ability to perform a task on its own improves as a result of repeated individual task performance
Term
Group-to-individual transfer
Definition
A group learning process whereby a group member's ability to perform a task alone improves as a result of social interaction between group members during repeatedly collective task performance
Term
Group-to-individual-in-group-transfer
Definition
A group learning process whereby a group member's ability to perform a task within groups improves as a result of social interaction between group members during repeated collective task performance
Term
Group-to-group transfer
Definition
A group learning process whereby a particular group's capability to perform a group task improves as result of social interaction between its group members during repeated collective task performance
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