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Social 30-1
Alphabetical Words from glossary in textbook
184
Social Studies
12th Grade
01/23/2012

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Aboriginal Healing Fund
Definition
An Aboriginal-managed, Ottawa-based, not-for-profit private corporation with the mission to help Aboriginal people build healing processes that address the legacy of abuses such as the residential school system.
Term
Adherence to Collective Norms
Definition
Faithful observance of the norms or standards imposed on members of a group as a condition of membership in the group. These norms can relate to conduct, values, or appearance.
Term
Alignment
Definition
An alliance or agreement. During the Cold War, some countries aligned themselves with either the United States or the Soviet Union to gain political, economic, and security benefits.
Term
American Bill of Rights
Definition
The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Ratified by the original 13 states by 1791, it is based primarily on John Locke's concept of "natural rights" for all individuals, including life, liverty, and the protection of property.
Term
Anti-Terrorism Act
Definition
A set of laws passed in December 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It gave the Canadian government special powers, such as surveillance and detention, for dealing with people carrying out activities thought to be associated with terrorism. Some of the act's measures, such as that of preventative arrest, expired in March 2007.
Term
Anti-War Movements
Definition
Organized campaigns against war. The Vietnam anti-war movement gained public support during the late 1960's and contributed to the US ending that war. These movements can be pasifist in general, and aimed at ending or restricting the military policy options, or they can be movements opposing specific military campaigns.
Term
Apartheid
Definition
A strict, legislated system of racial segregation and discrimination against Black and other "colored" South Africans set in place by the National Party of South Africa from 1948 to 1994.
Term
Autarky
Definition
Self-sufficiency or independence from other countries. During the 1930's the German government worked to achieve autraky in the country's economy.
Term
Authoritarianism
Definition
A form of government with authority vested in an elite group that may or may not rule in the interests of the people. Authoritarian political systems take many forms, including oligarchies, military dictatorships, ideological one-party states, and monarchies.
Term
Autonomy
Definition
A state of individual freedom from outside authority
Term
Bank Run
Definition
A situation in which too many depositors try to withdraw their savings from a financial institution, endangering it with bankruptcy.
Term
Beliefs and Values
Definition
Important aspects of identity that influence behaviour and choices, and that guide people in their interactions with others and how they view the world.
Term
Boycott
Definition
A refusal to do business with or to associate with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest.
Term
Brinkmanship
Definition
International behavior or foreign policy that takes a country to the brink of war; pushing one's demands to the point of threatening military action' usually refers to the showdown between the US and the Soviet Union over Cuba in October 1962.
Term
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Definition
A document entrenched in the Constitutional Act, 1982 that lists and describes the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to Canadians.
Term
Capital
Definition
The money or other assets with which an entrepeneur starts in business; any tool or mechanism used in the creation of wealth. A hammer may be considered capital for a carpenter opening a business, or a fridge may be considered capital for an ice-cream vendor.
Term
Capitalism
(Laissez-faire capitalism)
Definition
An economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers; a minimum of government involvement is favoured.
Term
Censorship
Definition
The act of restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works, usually by governments, and usually to protect the perceived common good; may be related to speech, writings, works of art, religious practices, or military matters.
Term
Chartism
Definition
A working-class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848.
Term
Citizen Advocacy
Definition
A movement to strengthen citizen action and motivation to participate in community and civic affairs; often focuses on bringing the marginalized back into the community.
Term
Citizenship
Definition
Membership by birth or naturalization in a society, community, or country that entails definable rights of participation and protection, and certain responsibilities and duties to the society, community, or country.
Term
Civil Disobedience
Definition
The refusal to obey a law because it is considered to be unjust; a form of non-violent political protest.
Term
Civil Rights Movements
Definition
Popular movements, notably in the US in the 1950's and 1960's, that work to extend rights to marginalized members of society. Often these struggles aim not only for legal and civic rights, but also for respect, dignity, and economic and social equality for all.
Term
Classical Conservatism
Definition
An ideology that says government should represent the legacy of the past as well as the well-being of the present, and that society should be structured in a hiearchical fashion, that government should be chosen by a limited electorate, that leaders should be humanitarian, and the stability of society is all important.
Term
Class System
Definition
The division of a society into different classes of people, usually based on income or wealth.
Term
Climate Change
Definition
The change in global weather patterns.
Term
Cold War
Definition
The political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and its allies, and the US and its allies, conducted using propaganda, economic measures, and espionge rather than military means.
Term
Collective Identity
Definition
The identity that you share with other people as a member of a larger social group, such as a linguistic, faith, cultural, or ethnic group. Individuals have both individual identities and collective identities.
Term
Collective Interest
Definition
The set of interests that members of a group have in common. The principle of collective interest states that while individual members may have individual interests, these interests are ofteh bettery addressed by making them a common set of interests that the group can address together. Individuals have both invdividual interests and collective interests.
Term
Collective Responsibility
Definition
Holding a whole group or collective responsible for the actions of individuals(or individual groups) within the group or collective.
Term
Collectivism
Definition
A current of thinking that values the goals of the group and the common good over the goals of any one individual.
Term
Collectivization
Definition
An economic policy where all land is taken away from private owners and combined in large, collectively worked farms.
Term
Command Economy
Definition
An economic system based on public (state0 ownership of property in which government planners decide which goods to produce, how to produce the, and how they should be distributed(for example, at what price they should be sold);also know as a centrally planned economy, usually found in communist states.
Term
Common Good
Definition
The good of a community; something that benefits the public health, safety, and/or well-being of society as a whole.
Term
Communism
Definition
A system of society with property vested in the community and each member working for the common benefit according to his or her capacity and receiving according to his or her needs.
Term
Competition
Definition
The act or an instance of competing or contending with others(for example, for supremacy, a position, or a prize). Competition is seen as an incentive for individuals and groups to work harder and more efficiently.
Term
Conscientious Objection
Definition
The refusal to perform military service on moral or religious grounds.
Term
Consensus Decision Making
Definition
A process whereby a group of individuals share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find a resolution to a problem that all members of the group can accept.
Term
Consumerism
Definition
Consumer spending; a preoccupation with consumer goods and their acquisition; a set of values focused on the acquisition and display of things in order to denote status.
Term
Containment
Definition
The American Cold War foreign policy of containing the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances.
Term
Co-operation
Definition
Working together to the same end; a principle emphasized by collectivist ideologies.
Term
Deficit
Definition
A deficiency; an excess of liabilities or expenditures over income or assets in a given period.Deficit spending by a government is spending that is financed by borrowing and may occur in order to "kick-start" a stagnant economy.
Term
Democracy
Definition
A form of government in which power is ultimately vested in the people.
Term
Detente
Definition
A period of the Cold War during which the major powers tried to lessen the tensions between them through diplomacy, arms talks and reductions, and cultural exchanges.
Term
Deterrence
Definition
The Cold War foreign policy of both major powers aiming to deter the stategic advances of the other through arms development and arms build up. Deterrence depends on each combatant creating the perception that each is willing to resort to military confrontation.
Term
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Definition
The theoretical organization of a communist society in the early stage of communism. The centralized government of the state, which would be elected by the workers, would control all aspects of life.
Term
Direct Democracy
Definition
A form of government in which the people participate in deciding issues directly. A direct democracy operates on the belief that every citizen's voice is important and necessary for the orderly and efficient operation of society.
Term
Dissent
Definition
The political act of disagreeing; the right to disagree. Sometimes dissent takes the form of popularly organized opposition to a tradition or an official policy or statute.
Term
Dissuasion
Definition
The French word for deterrence
Term
Draft
Definition
Conscription or compulsory military service.
Term
Draft Dodger
Definition
Someone who avoids conscription or compulsory military service, usually by fleeing to another country.
Term
Drought
Definition
A severe lack of precipitation in a given area, which often affects crops.
Term
Dust Bowl
Definition
The regions of the Canadian Prairies and the Great Plains of the US that were devastated by the drought and dust storms of the 1930's.
Term
Economic Equality
Definition
A principle common to collectivist ideologies which can have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology. Governments may try to foster economic equality through taz policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar values.
Term
Economic Freedom
Definition
The freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, idea, or product to whomever you wish.
Term
Egalitarianism
Definition
A political principle that holds that all people should be treated as equals and allowed equal civil, social, political, and economic rights under the law.
Term
Election Fraud
Definition
Changing the true results of an election by various means, including voter intimidation, multiple voting, destructiom of ballots, tampering with ballots, or changing electoral boundaries to change the composition of a riding.
Term
Emancipation
Definition
Freeing from restraint, especially legal, social, or political.
Term
Emergencies Act
Definition
A set of laws that permits the Canadian government to invoke special measures to deal with emergencies. It replaced the War Measures Act in 1988. Emergencies can include those that affect public welfare and order, Canadian security, or war or other armed conflict. The legislation is designed to protect Canadian's fundamental right and freedoms even i a time of crisis.
Term
Enclosure
Definition
The act of enclosing. land that had been held in common becomes the private property of an individual.
Term
Enemy Aliens
Definition
Non-citizens who come from an enemy country.
Term
Enfranchisement
Definition
Granting people the rights of citizens, especially the right to vote.
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries when classical liberalism spread through Europe and changed some people's beliefs about religion, reason, nature, and human beings; also called the Age of Reason.
Term
Environmental Change
Definition
The changes in the natural world around us.
Term
Environmentalism
Definition
A political and ethical ideology that focuses on protecting the natural environment and lessening the harmful effects that human activities have on the ecosystem.
Term
Espionage
Definition
The practice of spying or of using spies, especially to obtain secret information.
Term
Expansionism
Definition
A country's foreign policy of acquiring additional territory through the violation of another country's sovereignty for reasons of defence, resources, markets, national pride, or perceived racial superiority.
Term
Extemism
Definition
A term used by others to describe the beliefs and actions of those perceived to be outside of the accepted norms of political or social behavior. Extremism may be a response adopted by those for whom ordinary political means of redressing perceived wrongs are deemed ineffective.
Term
Fascism
Definition
An extreme, right-wing, anti-democratic nationalist movement which led to totalitarian forms of governments in Germany and Italy from the 1920's to the 1940's.
Term
Feminism
Definition
The belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. The term also stands for the movements that advocates for these qualities.
Term
Foreign Policy
Definition
The course of action taken by a country in its relations with other countries.
Term
Free Market
Definition
A market that operates with limited government intervention. In a free-market economy, questions regarding production and marketing of goods and services are decided through the free interaction of producers and consumers.
Term
Global Citizenship
Definition
Being a citizen of the world; a feeling of responsibility, beyond a country's borders, toward humanity.
Term
Global Warming
Definition
An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and a potential indicator of climate change.
Term
Great Depression
Definition
An economic crisis that began in late 1929 with the stock market crash and continued through the 1930's. During this period, banks failed, factories closed, many people became unemployed, and international trade declined.
Term
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Definition
Gases, from both natural and (primarily) human-made sources, that are released into the earth's atmosphere and change the way the atmosphere absorbs and emits radiation, which in turn affects the temperature of the earth.
Term
Hot War
Definition
A traditional war which includes troops in direct conflict, as opposed to a cold war
Term
Humanist
Definition
Someone who believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith and who has developed an interpretation of history and beliefs about human nature, the structure of society, and the purpose of life, based on reason rather than religion.
Term
Humanitarianism
Definition
Trying to improve the lives of others and to reduce their suffering through various means, including social reform and aid.
Term
Human Rights
Definition
Also known as "natural rights", the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. These rights are enshrined in Bills and Declarations of Rights in many countries including Canada and the US, and in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Term
Ideology
Definition
A set of principles or ideas that explains your world and your place within it, which is based on certain assumptions about human nature and society and provides an interpretation of the past, an explanation of the present, and a vision for the future.
Term
Illiberal
Definition
Ideologies opposed to the values, beliefs, and principles of liberalism; usually refers to undemocratic actions but may be found in democratic countries during times of crisis.
Term
Income Disparity
Definition
Difference in earnings between the rich and the poor
Term
Indian Act
Definition
An act of Parliament first passed in 1867, since amended many times, dealing with the governance of reserves and the rights and benefits of registered individuals. Included under the act are those First Nations peoples(and their descendants) who signed treaties or were otherwise registered in the act.
Term
Individualism
Definition
A current of thinking that values the freedom and worth of the individual, sometimes over the security and harmony of the group.
Term
Individual Rights and Freedoms
Definition
A key principle of individualism and an important feature of liberal democracies; examples include freedom of religion, freedom of association, and the right to life, liberty, and the security of the person.
Term
Industrialization
Definition
The stage of economic development during which the application of technology results in mass production and mass consumption within a country. This is accompanied by urbanization and changes in national living standards.
Term
Inflation
Definition
An increase in the general price level of products, the cost of labour, and interest rates.
Term
Internment Camp
Definition
Detention facilities used to confine political prisoners and people of specific national or minority groups.
Term
Iron Curtain
Definition
A phrase coined by Winston Churchill in 1947 that refers to the barrier in Europe between self-governing, pro-democratic, pro-capitalist countries of the West and countries in pro-Soviet Eastern Europe under communist Soviet control.
Term
Jus Sanguinis
Definition
The right by blood; one of the two key legal principles of citizenship: the citizenship and nationality of a child is the same as the natural parents, wherever the child is born.
Term
Jus Soli
Definition
The right of the soil; one of the two key legal principles of citizenship: a person's citizenship or nationality is determined by place of birth.
Term
"Just War"
Definition
The idea that a country is right to go to war for certain reasons, including self-defence, defence of another country that is under attack, protection of innocents, and punishment for serious crimes.
Term
Kyoto Protocol or Kyota Accord
Definition
An agreement reached at an international convention at which world leaders met to discuss climate change and create a plan for reducing greenhouse gases.
Term
Kyoto Targets
Definition
The reduced levels of greenhouse gas emissions for each country set by the Kyoto Protocol.
Term
Labour Movement
Definition
The effort by organized labour to improve conditions for workers. Collective interest is the basis for the organized labour movement, which began during, and as a result of, the Industrial Revolution.
Term
Labour Standards
Definition
Government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of worker's rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination.
Term
Labour Unions
Definition
Associations of workers engaged in a similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns. Their purpose is to provide a united voice that speaks for the rights of its members.
Term
Laissez-Faire
Definition
Non-interference or non-intervention. Laissez-faire economics theory supports free markets and an individual's right to own private property.
Term
Language Legislation
Definition
Laws regarding the official language of a state. In the Canadian context, such legislation is related either to Canada's official languages or to Quebec's Charte de la langue francaise.
Term
Liberalism
Definition
A collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation for society. Liberalism has faith in human progress and tends to favour decentralized power, both in political and economic affairs, and respect for the sovereignty of the reasoning individual.
Term
Liberation Movements
Definition
Military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that have colonized or otherwise oppressed them.
Term
Limited Government
Definition
The principle of little government involvement in the affairs of an economy, in the belief that this results in more efficient self-regulating markets.
Term
Luddism
Definition
A protest movement of the early 1800's against industrialization and mechanization. Protestors broke into factories and destroyed machines.
Term
Marxism
Definition
A radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism to distinguish it from other socialist ideologies.
Term
McCarthyism
Definition
An anti-communist movement in the US during the 1950's, led by Republican senator Joseph McCarthy. It was intended to uncover and persecute those with perceived ties to communism within the US government, universities, and entertainment industries.
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
An economic theory that says the aim of all economic pursuits should be to strengthen the power and wealth of the state.
Term
Military Dictatorship
Definition
A form of government in which political power resides with the military leadership. Some countries in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have presented many examples of military dictatorships.
Term
Mixed Economy
Definition
An economic system based on free-market principles but with some government intervention, usually to regulate industry, to moderate the boom-and-bust nature of the free-market business cycle, and to offer social welfare programs. In some mixed economic systems, the government owns some key industries(such as communications, utilities, or transportation).
Term
Moderate Socialism
Definition
A term used to distinguish the non-violent, non-revolutionary character of socialism from the communist idea of revolutionary change; sometimes referred to as democratic socialism.
Term
Modern Industrial Complex
Definition
The structure of industry in Western society alluding to the partnership of industry and government.
Term
Monopoly
Definition
The exclusive ownership or control of trade in a particular good or service.
Term
Mutually Assured Destruction(MAD)
Definition
A situation that would result from an unwinnable nuclear war. MAD ideally deters each side from entering into direct conflict.
Term
Naturalization
Definition
The process of applying for citizenship and becoming a citizen.
Term
Neo-Conservatism
Definition
An ideology that emerged in the US during the 1950's and 1960's as a reaction against modern liberal principles. Some aspects of neo-conservatism challenge modern liberal principles and favour a return to particular values of classical liberalism. Other neo-conservative ideas challenge both classical and modern liberal principles and favour values identified as "family values" and traditional values, often resting on a religious foundation.
Term
New Deal
Definition
Economic policies put in place by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933. The policies gave government a more significant role in the regulation of the economy and in providing social "safety net" programs.
Term
Nisga'a Final Agreement
Definition
A land claims settlement signed in 2000 between the Canadian and British Columbian governments and the Nisga'a First Nation. The agreement gives the Nisga'a control over their land, including the forestry and fishery resources contained in it.
Term
No-Fly List
Definition
A list of people whom the Canadian government has identified as potentially posing an immediate threat to aviation security. People on the list are barred from flying on domestic flights in Canada.
Term
Non-Alignment
Definition
The position taken during the Cold War by those countries in the United Nations that did not form an alliance with either the US or the Soviet Union. This group of countries became a third voting bloc within the UN and pushed for more aid for the developing world.
Term
Non-Violence
Definition
A philosophy and strategy used to bring about political change. It may include civil disobedience, media campaigns, and targeted direct (non-violent) action.
Term
Nouveau Riche
Definition
From French, meaning "newly wealthy"; factory owners, bankers, retailers, lawyers, engineers, and other professionals and entrepeneurs who gained their wealth during the Industrial Revolution. The term also generally refers to those people who are relatively new to wealth.
Term
Oligarchy
Definition
A form of government in which political power rests with a small elite segment of society. An oligarchy often consists of politically powerful families who pass on their influence to their children.
Term
One-Party State
Definition
A form of government where only one party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election.
Term
Pacifism
Definition
A commitment to peace and opposition to war.
Term
Pandemics
Definition
Outbreaks of disease on a global scale.
Term
Party Solidarity
Definition
In the Canadian system, a requirement that all party members vote with their party, except in rare instances when the party leadership explicitly frees them from this obligation, in what is known as a free vote.
Term
Personal Identity
Definition
The idea you have of yourself as a unique individual; the collection of traits that you think of as distinguishing you from other people.
Term
Perspective
Definition
The outlook of a particular group of people with the same age, culture, economics, faith, language, or othe shared quality.
Term
Philanthropy
Definition
A concern for, and an effort to improve, the state of humankind through donations of money, time, or talents.
Term
Physiocrats
Definition
A group of Enlightenment philosophers in France who criticized the prevailing economics of mercantilism. Physiocrats believed that government should leave business entrepreneurs alone to follow their natural self-interest.
Term
Point of View
Definition
An individual's opinion, based on that individual's personal experience and values.
Term
Political Dissidents
Definition
People who disagree with the policies and actions of their government.
Term
Political Participation
Definition
Any number of ways a citizen can be involved in the political process, such as voting, running as a candidate, supporting a candidate, attending constituency meetings, speaking out, demonstrating, protesting, writing letters to elected representatives.
Term
Postmodernism
Definition
A movement of thought, art, and criticism that raises questions about the faith that moderns have in reason and in progress, and tries to get people to rethink their assumptions about the meaning of modern life.
Term
Private Property
Definition
Something that is owned by an individual, including real estate, other forms of physical possessions, and intellectual property. The right to the protection of private property is a central principle of liberalism and is seen as a natural extension of the concept of the worth of each individual.
Term
Pro-Democracy Movements
Definition
Movements or campaigns in favour of democracy.
Term
Progressivism
Definition
a 1920's movement in the US, usually associated with President Theodore Roosevelt, that reacted to the perceived abuses of laissez-faire capitalism by large corporations. Progressives favoured "a square deal" for average citizens and used legislation and some regulation of the marketplace to achieve this.
Term
Propaganda
Definition
Exaggeration and misrepresentation of information to rally support for a cause or an issue.
Term
Proportional Representation
Definition
A system of government where citizens vote directly for a party, and then representatives are assigned based on the amount of popular support obtained. This results in a fairly accurate representation within the legislature of the will of the people.
Term
Protest
Definition
A statement of dissent; a public demonstration against the policies of a government or other organization.
Term
Proxy Wars
Definition
Conflicts in which one superpower provides support to a group or state that opposes the rival superpower. The support may consist of money, arms, and personnel.
Term
Public Health Agency of Canada
(PHAC)
Definition
A federal agency founded in 2006 to promote and protect the health and safety of Canadians with a focus on preventing chronic diseases and injuries, and responding to public health emergencies and infectious disease outbreaks.
Term
Public Property
Definition
Anything(for example, land, buildings, or vehicles) not privately owned by individuals. Generally speaking, public property is owned by the state or the community, and managed according to the best interests of the community.
Term
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Definition
A statutory bill of rights and human rights code that was passed by the National Assembly of Quebec in 1975.
Term
Quiet Revolution
Definition
A time of rapid social, economic, and political modernization in Quebec; a revolution without violence, force, or direct conflict, aimed at enhancing opportunities for Francophone Quebecois within Quebec society.
Term
Radical
Definition
Extreme; revolutionary. A radical change in a political regime often rejects the political and economic traditions of the past.
Term
Reactionary
Definition
tednding to oppose change. A reactionary change in a political regime often idealizes the past and accepts economic inequality.
Term
Reaganomics
Definition
The economic policies of the Ronald Reagan US presidency, which advocated less government intervention in the economy and pro-industry, anti-labour, anti-regulation, anti-environmental regulations policies.
Term
Red Paper
Definition
The name given to the national Indian Brotherhood's "Citizens Plus" which outlined their objections to the policy changes recommended in the Trudeau government's White Paper.
Term
Red Scare
Definition
An intense fear of communism that overcame the majority of the American population during and after the Second World War, influencing everything from movies and television to national security.
Term
Renaissance
Definition
A period in European history from about 1350 to 1600 that was characterized by a revewed interest in classical Greek and Roman culture, which included a renewed interest in humanism, the power of human reason and human creative potential, and the concept of the worth of the individual.
Term
Representative Democracy
Definition
A form of government in which a small group of politicians are elected by a larger group of citizens. The people participate in deciding issues through elected officials who represent them and make laws in their interests.
Term
Republican
Definition
A form of government where governing authority is vested in the hands of the representatives of the citizens and not a ruling monarch. Generally, a president is the head of state and the head of government.
Term
Residential School System
Definition
A school that provides dormitories for its students. As part of Canada's program for the assimilation of the Aboriginal peoples under the original Indian Act of 1867, Aboriginal children were removed from their communities and housed and taught in church-run residential schools.
Term
Respect for law and Order
Definition
One of the responsibilities of citizens in a liberal democratic society, where people enjoy a high degree of individual rights and freedoms. Failure on the part of the population to demonstrate this type of respect could result in a state of chaos.
Term
Responsible Government
Definition
In the Canadian system, a form of representative democracy in which the branch of government that proposes laws, the executive branch of government(the prime minister and the cabinet ministers), is dependent on the direct or indirect support of elected members of the legislative branch(a majority of MPs in the House of Commons).
Term
Rule of Law
Definition
A key principle in liberal democracies that states that every individual is equal before the law and all citizens are subject to the law.
Term
Same-Sex Marriage
Definition
A marriage between two people of the same sex.
Term
Satellite State
Definition
A state that is formally independent but is dominated by another more powerful state. Satellite states of the former Soviet Unions included Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and East Germany.
Term
Self-Interest
Definition
One's personal interest or advantage.
Term
Self-Reliance
Definition
The quality of being solely responsible for one's own well-being.
Term
Single-member Constituency
Definition
An electoral process whereby each constituency sends a single representative to the legislature; if there are more than two candidates competing in a constituency, the winner of the election may be supported by fewer than half the voters; also known as the "fist past the post" system.
Term
Socialism
Definition
Any ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society, and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors.
Term
Social Programs
Definition
Programs that affect human welfare in a society. Social programs are intended to benefit citizens in areas such as education, health, and income support. Supporters base their support both on humanitarian principles and on economic principles.
Term
Sphere of Influence
Definition
The territories and countries over which a powerful country dominates.
Term
Stagflation
Definition
An economic condition where stagnation and high inflation occur at the same time. In the 1970's, stagflation was caused by a rapid increase in the price of oil.
Term
Superpower
Definition
A state that has great power and influence. The term was used to describe the US and the Soviet Union because of their great influence and economic and military strengths.
Term
Terrorism
Definition
The policy of various ideological groups to disrupt the affairs of an enemy state or culture by the use of violent acts against non-combatants, in order to create debilitating terror and confusion.
Term
Totalitarianism
Definition
A government system that seeks complete control over the public and private lives of its citizens.
Term
Traditional Economy
Definition
An economic system usually practised by a pre-industrialized society, where needs are met through agriculture, hunting, and fishing, and where there tends to be a division of labour based on custom and tradition.
Term
Trickle-Down Economics
Definition
Government economic policies that include reduced income and business taxes, reduced regulation(controls on business), and increased government spending on the military; also know as supply-side economics. Generally these policies favour industry, assuming that if industry prospers then everyone will prosper as wealth " trickles down" to the ordinary workers and consumers.
Term
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR)
Definition
A resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. The declaration outlines the human rights to which all people are entitled.
Term
Universal Suffrage
Definition
The right of all members of society, once they reach the age of accountability, to fully paricipate politically. This participation begins with the right to vote.
Term
Urbanization
Definition
An increase in the number of people residing in cities and an extension of urban boundaries to include areas that were previously rural.
Term
USA PATRIOT Act(the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act)
Definition
Controversial legislation passed by the US government in 2001 to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States. Some Americans argue that the act is a threat to personal liberties.
Term
Utopian Socialists
Definition
Humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling conditions of the average worker in the industrial capitalist countries of the 19th century; people who believe it is possible to work to bring about a better world and that obvious evils can be eradicated.
Term
War Measures Act
Definition
A Canadian law that gave the federal cabinet emergency powers for circumstances where it determines that the threat of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, exists. It was replaced by the Emergencies Act (1988).
Term
"War on Terror"
Definition
A military, political, and ideological conflict headed by the United States, which was a direct result on the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on that country. There is some debate about whether terrorism can be defeated through military means.
Term
Water Shortage
Definition
A lack of access to clean and safe drinking water. According to the United Nations, more than one billion people suffer from this shortage. Some people believe that this may also become a very significant issue for many societies in the near future.
Term
Welfare Capitalism
Definition
Initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labour unions; also refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for workers.
Term
Welfare State
Definition
A state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens, usually through social programs.
Term
White Paper
Definition
An official government document that outlines that government's policies. In 1969, the government of Prime Minister Trudeau issued a controversial White Paper that proposed to abolish treaties, the Department of Indian Affairs, and everything else that had kept the First Nations and Inuit people distinct from the people of Canada.
Term
World Health Organization(WHO)
Definition
The directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system.
Term
Worldview
Definition
A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group; the lens through which the world is viewed by an individual or group; the overall perspective from which the world is interpreted.
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