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SOC FINAL EXAM!
Final exam review
51
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2009

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
social institution
Definition
• Organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic social needs
• Examples: Family, religion, education, politics, economy
Term
family
Definition
• A social institution that unites people in cooperative groups for purposes of reproduction and mutual care
Term
kinship
Definition
blood relationship
Term
extended family
Definition
o a household composed of parents, children and other kin
Term
nuclear family
Definition
o A household composed of one or two parents and their unmarried children
Term
monogamy
Definition
one spouse
Term
serial monogamy
Definition
multiple spouses, one at a time
Term
polygamy
Definition
• More than one spouse at the same time
• Polygyny (more than one wife)
• Polyandry (more than one husband)
Term
patrilineal descent
Definition
• Tracing kinship though father’s relatives
Term
matrilineal descent
Definition
• Tracing kinship though mother’s relatives
Term
bilateral descent
Definition
• Tracing kinship through both father and mother
Term
patriarchy
Definition
• Men dominate family decision-making
Term
matriarchy
Definition
• Tracing kinship though mother’s relatives
Term
egalitarian family
Definition
• Men and Women equally share family decision making
Term
totalitarianism
Definition
 Highly-centralized system with extensive regulation of people’s lives
Term
democracy
Definition
 Power given to people as a whole
Term
economy
Definition
o The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
Term
capitalism
Definition
• Private ownership of property
• Pursuit of personal profit
• Competition and consumer choice
Term
socialism
Definition
• Collective property ownership
• Pursuit of collective goals
• Government control of the economy
Term
power
Definition
• The ability to exercise one’s will over others
Term
force
Definition
source of power
 Actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one’s will on others
Term
influence
Definition
 Exercise of power through a process of persuasion
Term
authority
Definition
 Institutionalized power perceived as legitimate by people
Term
traditional authority
Definition
• Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice
Term
charismatic authority
Definition
• Power made legitimate by people’s belief in the exceptional personal qualities of a leader
Term
rational-legal authority
Definition
• Power made legitimate by law
Term
endogamy
Definition
• Practice of marrying within one’s social category or group
Term
exogamy
Definition
• Practice of marrying outside one’s social category or group
Term
religion
Definition
• A social institution that provides general explanations of existence, including the terms of exchange with the supernatural
Term
religious belief
Definition
o statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
o Islam: Muhammad received the Koran from God
o Christianity: Jesus is the Son of God
o Hinduism: karma (cause and effect)
Term
religious ritual
Definition
o Practices required or expected of members of a faith
Term
religious experience
Definition
• The feeling or perception of being in contact with the supernatural
• Sense of peace, speaking in tongues, convulsions
Term
education
Definition
o The social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of knowledge, skills, and cultural values within a formally organized structure
Term
tracking
Definition
• The practice of assigning students to different types of education programs
Term
hidden curriculum
Definition
• Subtle socialization of pupils into dominant ideology of society
Term
teacher-expectancy effect
Definition
 A teacher’s expectations influence the actual achievements of the student
Term
politics
Definition
o The social institution through which power is acquired and exercised
Term
monarchy
Definition
 Single family rules from generation to generation
Term
authoritarianism
Definition
 System that denies popular participation in government
Term
pluralist model
Definition
 Power in political systems is widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups
Term
elite model
Definition
 Power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites and the masses are relatively powerless
Term
power elite
Definition
• Small ruling elite of military, business, and government leaders who control the fate of U.S.
Term
political socialization
Definition
 The process by which individuals learn political attitudes, values, and behavior
Term
social change
Definition
• The transformation of culture and social institutions over time
Term
crowd behavior
Definition
o People in the same place behaving in a similar way but without organized direction, Examples: mobs, riots, panics
Term
mass behavior
Definition
o Collective behavior among people spread out over a wide geographic area, Examples: fads, fashions
Term
social movement
Definition
o An organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action
Term
stages of a social movement
Definition
• Emergence
o Identify a problem
o Leader
• Coalescence
o Goal
o Slogans
o Publicity
o Growing membership
• Institutionalization
o Formal organization
o Paid leaders
o Policies
• Decline
o Resources dry up
o Succeed
o Reborn?
Term
relative deprivation theory
Definition
o Social movements arise among people who feel deprived of something
Term
resource mobilization theory
Definition
• To succeed, social movements must mobilize key resources
Term
new social movement theory
Definition
• Social movements in postmodern society are motivated less by economic concerns than by concerns regarding values/ideology, identity, and quality-of-life issues
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