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Soc development 2
ttsy
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/24/2012

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Term
Piagets Cog Development Theory
Definition
-psych structures are assumed to be established at roughly similar ages by all children to form qualitatively different stages of development

-3 major inborn tendencies:
1.adaption: tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment
2.organization: tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into coherent systems or bodies of knowledge
3.schema: organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to make sense of some aspect of their experience
Term
2 processes of adaption
Definition
-assimilation: the process by which children interpret new experiences by incorporating them into their existing schemes

-accommodation: process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences
Term
equilibration
Definition
-equilibrium: use already existing schemes to interpret reality

-disequilibrium: trying to resolve discrepancy between environment and present schemes
Term
sensorimotor stage (substages)
Definition
1.Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2)
-major accomplishments: object permanence, intentional/goal directed behavior, beginnings of play and imitation

-6 substages
1.Reflexive activity
-formation and modification of early schemes based on reflexes such as sucking, looking, and grasping (no attempt to look for object that disappeared)
2.Primary Circular Reactions
-repetition of behaviors that produce interesting results centered on own body (no attempt to look for object again)
3.Secondary Circular Reactions
-repetition of behaviors that produce interesting results in external world (search for objects partially hidden or dropped from view)
4.Coordination of Secondary
-combo of action in order to achieve goal (search for completely hidden objects
5.Tertiary Circular Reactions
-experimentation with diff actions to achieve same goal or observe outcomes (ability to follow visible displacements of objects)
6.Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations
-thinking through of potential solutions to problems and imitation of absent models (ability to follow invisible displacement of objects)
Term
Preoperational
Definition
2.Preoperational (2-7)
-characterized by rapid gains in symbolic representation as reflected by language development, make-believe play, and pictional representation
-key feature of childs thought is semiotic functioning (childs ability to use symbol, object or word to stand for something)

-limitations:
-egocentrism
-inability to solve problems flexibly and logically
-errors on conservation tasks:
-centration: focus on 1 aspect of problem and exclude
all other info
-reversibility: ability to mentally reverse/negative
action or transformation
Term
Concrete Operational Stage
Definition
3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
-children enter this stage when they begin to be able to solve conservation tasks correctly
-child now capable of thinking logically when the stimuli are physically present
-child is less egocentric and is becoming more of true thinker
Term
Formal Operational Stage
Definition
4.Formal Operational (11-15)
-child thinking logically and abstractly
-capable of hypothetical reasoning
-can solve problems without seeing them
Term
Kohlberg
Definition
-extended and elaborated on Piaget

-cog development proceeds through invariant sequence of stages that Piaget described
-soc development parallel cog development and its stages
-soc development can be described in terms of change that occurs in child self-concept
Term
social experience point of view
Definition
-look at role of social experience as contributor to role-taking ability and to improvment in understanding others
Term
Attributional/Soc Info Processing Perspective
Definition
-children need to decide where causes of behavior lie
-young childrens tendencies
Term
self esteem and self concept
Definition
self esteem: evaluation of the self, pos vs neg evaluation

self concept: what are the important aspects of the self
Term
Harter Self-Perception profile for children
Definition
-measure global self-esteem and also self-perceptions in 5 areas:

1.scholastic competence
2.social acceptance
3.athletic competence
4.physical appearance
5.behavioral conduct
Term
Authoritative vs Authoritarian Parenting
Definition
Authoritative:
-parent comes across as expert at what they are doing
-provides explanations and rationale for disciplinary practices and beliefs
-leaves room for childs independence and asertiveness

Authoritarian
-loses cool a lot more
-no explanations for disciplinary practices and beliefs
-no room for childs independence and asertiveness
-imposes will on child
-more prone to get physical with child
Term
development of public self-consciousness
Definition
-parallel betus findings about high public self consciousness and low self-esteem individuals

-getting high achievement demands from parents
-over protective parenting
-excessive authoritarian discipline
-parents reject child
Term
identity (def)
Definition
-well-organized conception of self-values, beliefs, goals to which person is solidly committed
Term
developmental course of self-esteem
Definition
-decline over early elementary school years, compares elf to others

-grade 4 to adolescence, rise in self-esteem (except for transition into middle school)

-after puberty, steady increase in self-esteem
Term
controversy over identity crisis
Definition
-is there such a thing as identity crisis or is it just exploration?
Term
adolescent egocentrism
Definition
-intro: prefer own perspective rather than other peoples

-imaginary audience: take other perspectives but think everyone else is watching them, struggle for "audiences" approval

-personal fable: feels like they have gone through experiences others have not

-invincibility fable: feels invincible
Term
Marcia's Identity Statuses
Definition
1. Identity Diffusion (Maladaptive)
-dont have much direction
-dont commit to goals or try to reach them
-never explore alternatives

2. Identity Foreclosed (Maladaptive)
-committed to values/goals w/o exploring alternatives
-accept already made identity from others in their life

3. Moratorium
-havent made any definite comittments yet
-in process of exploration
-trying to find values/goals to guide your life

4. Identity Achievement
-already explored alternatives
-made commitment to self-chosen goals/values
-sense of psychological well-being
Term
developmental trends with identity
Definition
-many slow to reach identity achieved
-gradual sometimes uneven changes and moves to stable identities
Term
characteristics of identity achieved
Definition
-high self-esteem
-ideal actual self
-moral reasoning
-less self conscious
-more capable of abstract and critical thinking
Term
adolescents who are stuck in foreclosure or diffusion with adjustment difficulties
Definition
-inflexible/intolerant
-diff of opinion is a threat
-afraid of rejection by people they depend on for affection
Term
some foreclosed teens...
Definition
-may be lacking in support from families, peers, school
-may join cult or extremist group
Term
long term diffused teens
Definition
-least mature in identity development
-highest risk: depression and suicide
Term
teen suicide
Definition
myths:
-warning signs?
-talking about it helps ~ it WONT cause it

clues/indicators someone serious about suicide:
-giving away prized possessions
-statement of threat of suicide
-school performance drops
-change in habits
-increased reckless behavior

-males more likely to succeed
-neg life experiences
Term
Emotional Development Milestones
Definition
newborn
-discriminates moms face, voice, and smell
-expresses interest, disgust, joy and sadness
-smiles during REM

1 month
-displays "fussy cry"

3 month
-smiles at caregiver
-distinguishes among anger, surprise, stimuli

4 month
-expresses anger and laughter

7 months
-expresses fear

18-24 months
-dislpays guilt, shame and envy

3-4 years
-smiles more to same sex peers

6-7 years
-understands that emotions fade with time

10-12 years
-understands the possibility of feeling two emotions at once
Term
types of crying in infants
Definition
(Wolff)
-hungry
-mad/angry
-pain
-cri du chat (cat-cry)
-cries of at risk/difficult babies
Term
techniques to reduce crying
Definition
-hold baby so they see over your shoulder
-feed baby
-swaddling approach
Term
emergence of attachment
Definition
-infants attach at 6 to 8 months

2 types:
emotional:
-fear emerges as dominant reaction b/c memory is better
-sets stage for stranger anxiety, separation anxiety

physical:
-6 to 8 month old babies begin to crawl
-can crawl toward caretakers
Term
strange situation procedure episodes
Definition
-observer introduces mom and baby to room
-mom stays back while baby explores
-stranger enters
-1st separation
-1st reunion
-2nd separation
-continuation of 2nd separation
-2nd reunion
Term
Patterns of attachment
Definition
1.Type B: Securely Attached ~ 65%
-baby feels secure enough to explore freely
-displays distress when primary caretaker leaves
-glad to see primary caretaker on return

2.Type A: Anxious Avoident ~ 20%
-very little distress when primary caretaker leaves
-avoid primary caretaker when they come back after separation

3.Type C: Ambivalent-Resistant ~ 10%
-shows distress throughout procedure, especially during separation
-when primary caretaker returns ~ displays anger and relief

4.Type D: Disorganized Disorder ~ 5%
-no coherent pattern to strange situations procedure
-freezes in position, unusual posture and positions
-commonly seen in abused infants
Term
Antecedents/Determinants of Attachment
Definition
Maternal Responsiveness
-sensitivity
-bodily contact
-synchrony: mesh actions with baby

Father Data
-sensitivity
-playfulness ~ secure attachment
-interaction quality
Term
3 areas with greatest genetic influence in temprament of child
Definition
1. sociability
2. emotionality
3. activity level
Term
3 major child types
Definition
(Thomas and Chess)

easy child
-eat regularly
-happy
-listen
-new event in pos. way
-mild response to stimulation

difficult child
-less regular body functioning
-slow to regularly eat and sleep
-neg reactions to change
-cry a lot
-irritable
-highly responsive to stimuli
-once adapted ~ happy about it

slow to warm-up
-"passive resistors" ~ when fed, slowly drool it out
-once adapted ~ positive one
Term
Day Care
Definition
-has effects on attachment
-some say make kid aggressive other dont believe so

cog effects:
-only big impact on lower SES kids ~ improved cog development and resources
-kids middle class and up have little effects
Term
risks of daycare are not great when...
Definition
-day care arrangement is a good one
-parents still spend quality time with kid
-mom and dads employment status ~ matches to their attitudes toward jobs etc
-other stressors kept in check
Term
what to look for in a day care setting
Definition
-clean, well lighted, well ventilated environment
-toys and equipment are appropriate
-caregiver-child ratio
-daily activities
-interaction among adults and kids
-caregiver qualification
-relationship with parents
-licensing and accreditation
Term
attachment models in adults
Definition
-model will effect how they interact with their children which will effect the childs security of attachment to you

1.Secure Attachment: comfortable with their parents methods, speak freely about them

2.Detached: relationship with parents didnt shape them, gloss over experiences, tip toward neg experience

3.Enmeshed: got inconsistent parenting, role-reversed parenting (kids step-up), still struggling with parents
Term
preparing child for short separations
Definition
-no big deal ~ but small explanation

-short separations with relatives and friends (**Inoculation Technique)

-Transition Objects
Term
Piaget vs Vygotsky
Definition

Vygotsky:

-thought language was more important

-private speech major means children guide and control their own behavior

-private speech was inherently social

 

Piaget:

-saw private speech as egocentric

Term
zone of proximal/potential development
Definition

-range of tasks child cannot do alone but can do with help of adults and more skilled peers

-gradually children are encouraged to assist themselves

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