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Smooth Muscle Contraction
Wacker 2/4/11 lecture moved to test 3 2/18/11
60
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
01/30/2011

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Term
tetrodotoxin, conotoxin botulism, tetanus
Definition
list the pre-synaptic nerve drug things for skeletal muscle
Term
Nerve gas, physotignine, succinyl choline
Definition
list the nerve drug things that work IN the synapse for skeletal muscle
Term
Nicotine/Ach (agonists)
Curare (antagonist)
Definition
list the post synaptic drug things for skeletal muscle?
Term
tetrodotoxin
Definition
inhibits action potential in pre synaptic neuron by blocking sodium channels
Term
Conotoxin
Definition
prevents vessicles from fusing by blocking calcium channels in pre-synaptic neuron
Term
Botulism toxin
Definition
blocks t-snare/v-snare & physically blocks docking of vessicles so they can't fuse in pre-synaptic neuron
Term
tetanus
Definition
screws with presynaptic neurons in the spinal cord
Term
tetrodotoxin, conotoxin, botulism, tetanus?
Definition
these drugs prevent neurotransmitter release (no contraction of the muscle)
Term
Nerve Gas
Definition
irreversible Ach esterase inhibitor
Term
physostignine
Definition
reversible Ach esterase inhibitor
Term
succinyl choline
Definition
chronic depolarizer, irreversibly binds to Ach receptor, eventually inactivating sodium channels
Term
nerve gas, physostignine, succinyl choline
Definition
these drugs cause initial contraction of the muscle, then paralysis
Term
N1 in muscle (nicotinic)
N2 is in the ganglia
Definition
nicotinic receptor that post-synaptic drugs such as Ach and Nicotine work on
Term
malignant hyperthermia
Definition
1/10,000 people get increase PCO2, increased temp and decrease PO2, when under anasthesia if they have this condition
Term
get leaky ryanodine receptors causing skeletal muscle contractions and creating heat as the cells are metabolically active trying to pump calcium out with ATP
Definition
what happens in malignant hyperthermia that can be fatal?
Term
give them dantrolene to block the ryanodine receptors and decrease the calcium release from the SR
Definition
how can you help someone with maligmant hyperthermia when they start dying in your OR?
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
weird uncle of muscle cells
Term
single unit
Definition
most smooth muscle cells are single unit or multi unit?
Term
cilliary muscles in the eye (electrically isolated smooth musc cells)
Definition
what is an example of multiunit smooth muscles?
Term
visceral smooth muscle, organs, airways, blood vessels
Definition
what is an example of single unit smooth muscle cells?
Term
gap junctions
Definition
what allows coordinated contraction in single unit smooth muscle cells (like cardiac muscle)
Term
smaller
Definition
smooth muscle cells are bigger/smaller than skeletal muscle?
Term
no
Definition
are there sarcomeres in smooth muscle?
Term
yep
Definition
does smooth muscle use actin and myosin?
Term
smooth is slower speed(dif isoform of ATPase), not as hard, and longer duration(doesn't use ATP as quickly)
Definition
compare contraction speed of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
Term
no
Definition
does smooth muscle have a troponin complex?
Term
dense bodies
Definition
what are like Z discs, but less limiting to contraction in smooth muscle?
Term
not really, has a graded response
Definition
does multiunit smooth muscle have an action potential?
Term
voltage gated Na+ channels that open and close quick

smooth has calcium channels that are slower to open and open longer

both repolarized with K+
Definition
what causes fast contraction of skeletal muscle? what does smooth muscle have?
Term
something about the gut cells can self excite themselves with leaky sodium and calcium channels

the heart has this too, and it's regulated by hormones
Definition
what are pacemaker potentials?
Term
calcium level (also activation of kinases/phosphatases)
Definition
dictates quantity and strength of muscle contractions
Term
1. calcium channels are activated when depolarized
2. agonists activated the IP3 pathway causing the SR to release calcium
3. ryanodine receptors open Ca++ induced Ca channels
4. when the SR is depleted of Ca, open store operated Ca channels open
-ORAI-sensor that is attached to PM that opens Ca channels when sense low Ca.
Definition
4 ways calcium enters the cell
Term
1)increase intercellular calcium
2)ca binds to calmodulin
3)calmodulin binds to myosin light chain kinase
4)kinase phosphorylates myosin light chain
5)light chain lets heavy chain work (cross bridge cycling)
Definition
for smooth musc. contraction, there needs to be a certain process occuring involving calmodulin, describe it.
Term
decreased cellular calcium(pump back in SR with SERCA or ATPase on plasma membrane), and increased myosin phosphatase activity so myosin light chain can be inactivated
Definition
needed for smooth muscle relaxation
Term
altering Ca++ levels and myosin phosphatase activity (phosphate removed from myosin light chain)
Definition
what creates muscle tone?
Term
low
Definition
smooth muscle maintains sustained contractions with ____ ATP hydrolysis(latch state)
Term
to relax it (detatch actin/myosin heads)
Definition
why is ATP needed in muscle?
Term
varicosities (they function like neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle)
Definition
structure in smooth muscle that allows wide ranging actions of hormones such as NE, Ach, or Epi
Term
Ach muscarinic receptors, endothelium
Definition
the parasympathetic receptors for blood vessels are what kind and where are they found?
Term
release NO, smooth muscle relacation(vasodilation)
Definition
Parasympathetic acts within the blood vessel, not smooth muscle by using a pathway that ultimately releases ___ to the smooth muscle from the endothelium and causes ____
Term
release NE to alpha 1 receptors or Beta 2 receptors
Definition
Sympathetic system uses what receptors to control blood vessels?
Term
vasoconstriction (smooth musc. contraction)

Norepi released->IP3 path causes increased myosin and actin interactions

(also can use ATP)
Definition
what does sympathetic system do to blood vessels with the alpha 1 receptors? how?
Term
on the smooth musc. cell membrane (parasymp is in endothelium)
Definition
where are the sympathetic blood vessel effecting receptors located?
Term
causes vasodilation

receptor activates adenylyl cyclase->cAMP inhibiting the myosin light chain kinase, causes decreased myosin/actin interaction and decreased contraction of smooth muscle
Definition
what does sympathetic system do to blood vessels with the beta 2 receptors? how?
Term
slow wave potentials that EVENTUALLY fire action potentials when they reach threshold

ex:pacemaker cells with leaky sodium/calcium have slow depolarization
Definition
what is involved in self excitation of smooth muscles?
Term
contract in stomach, relax in bladder
Definition
where does stretch cause smooth muscle contraction? how about relaxation?
Term
1)self excited
2)sympathetic alpha 1 (beta relaxes so does para)
3)neural stimulation
4)stretch
5)paracrine
6)endocrine
Definition
what are all the ways smooth muscle can contract?
Term
CO2, O2, H+
Definition
what are the paracrine factors involved in smooth muscle excitation?
Term
hormones, epi, angiotensin, endothelin, vasopressin, oxytocin, serotonin, histamine

bind to a receptor and open ion channels to cause depolarization or hyperpolarization
Definition
what are the endocrine factors that affect smooth muscle contraction? how do they work?
Term
metabolic hyperemia
blood vessels in skeletal muscle using o2 and spewing out Co2
Definition
metabolic response with LOCAL increase CO2 and H+ and decreased O2 causing the smooth muscle to relax in response to metabolism
bonus: what can cause this?
Term
RYR1 or voltage gated Ca channel mutations
Definition
what mutations does someone with malginant hyperthermia have?
Term
metabolic AND respiratory acidosis
Definition
what happens with the PCO2 increase in malignant hyperthermia?
Term
crossbridge cycling
Definition
phosphorylation of the regulatory chain (one of the light chains on the myosin head) causes this
Term
myosin phosphatase
Definition
what is important to stop contraction of smooth muscle?
Term
myosin phosphatase
Definition
when Ca levels fall below a certain level the calmodulin processes automatically reverse, but an enzyme is needed to remove the phosphate from the light chain, what is it?
Term
it allows smooth muscle to sustain tonic contractions once fully contracted for hours
Definition
what is important about the latch mechanism?
Term
inhibitory, they promote relaxation and vasodilation
Definition
are muscarinic receptors on endothelium excitatory or inhibitory receptors (to smooth muscle) when stimulated by acetylcholine?
Term
the normal slow wave potentials and the decrease in negativity of the membrane caused by the stretch itself
Definition
what causes smooth muscle to react to stretch?
Term
yes, but only a little, not nearly as much as in skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle relies on extracellular calcium
Definition
does the SR provide calcium for smooth muscle?
Term
calmodulin
Definition
what binds to myosin light chain kinase enabling it to phosphorylate the light chain?
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