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SME Final Exam
Final Exam study guide
30
Science
Undergraduate 4
12/09/2010

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Cards

Term
Solid
Definition
Definite Shape
Definite Volume
Very close arrangement
Vibrating
Term
Liquid
Definition
Indefinite Shape
Definite Volume
Close arrangement
Sliding
Term
Gas
Definition
Indefinite Shape
Indefinite Volume
Far apart
Bouncing
Term
Change of State
solid -> liquid, liquid -> gas
Definition
heat energy is added
molecules begin to move faster
pushing away force becomes greater
molecules end up farther apart
volume increases
Term
Change of State
gas -> liquid, liquid-> solid
Definition
heat energy is taken away
molecules begin to slow down
pushing away force lessens
molecules end up closer together
volume decreases
Term
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Contraction
Definition
Enough energy given to slow down or speed up molecules but not enough to change state
Term
Energy
Definition
Involved in changing matter
Can be transferred or transformed
Term
The air convection cycle
Definition
surface at the equator: warm air temp, molecules are spread out and moving fast, and the air is less dense, and the air moves vertical.
top of troposphere above equator: the air spreads north & south, the air pushes into low pressure and creates jet streams.
top of troposphere above 30 degree N and S: the air is cooling, the molecules are slowing down and packing closely together, the air is more dense and sinking.
Surface at 30 degree N & S: the air spreads north and south, the air pushes into low pressure,air moving on the surface is wind
Term
Warm Front -> Cold Front
Definition
Warm air mass rises, cold sinks
stratus clouds form
drizzle
Term
Cold Front -> Warm Front
Definition
Warm air mass rises, cold sinks
cumulus clouds form
thunder storms
Term
Green House Effect vs. Global Warming
Definition
CO2, H2O, and other gasesre-radiate the heat and keep them on the earth.
Gases are good until there are too many, too many causes an increase in temperature.
Term
Element
Definition
Pure substance, made up of one item
ex. silver, gold
Term
Mineral
Definition
Made of two or more different atoms
ex. halite, salt
Term
Rock
Definition
Mixture of two or more different minerals
Ex. Slate
Term
Rainshadow Effect
Definition
When air masses encounter mountains they must rise ad condense then rain. Because the clouds can not raise over the mountains, it creates a desert because it only rains on one side of the mountains.
Term
Factors of Weathering
Definition
Liquid Water
(Ice) Water
Wind
Humans (farming and mining)
Gravity
Animals
Plants
Heat
Term
Chemical Weathering
Definition
Oxidation
Acid Rain
* Molecules break apart and atoms rearrange to form new molecules
Term
Divergent Plates
(pulling away from each other)
Definition
- plates pull farther apart from each other
- bc magma is located directly under the crust, when plates move apart magma is exposed
- magma cools and hardens into rock (on the ocean floor)
- both volcanoes and mountains are forced in this process (igneous rock)
Term
Convergent Plates
(plates pushing together)
Definition
- plates push together
- crust folds and crumbles
[same density]
- rock molecules have no where to go and rise upwards to create (non volcanic) mountains
[diff density]
- oceanic plate (made of basalt) is pushed underneath the continental plate (made of granite) bc its more dense
- when oceanic plate is pushed downward, it melts due to heat in the mantle.
- this creates magma which comes to the surface through cracks
- this is a volcano, igneous rock formed
Term
Plates Sliding Past Each Other
Definition
- two plates sliding/grinding past each other
- create earthquakes due to energy being suddenly released
- sedimentary rocks formed
Term
The mantle convection cycles
Definition
- radioactive decay in the mantle releases heat.
- the heats makes molecules speed up and spread farther apart
- this makes the molecules become less dense and rise
- Because the mantle can 't move any farther up it spreads out causing the plates to move, thus, plates move because of what's happening underneath
Term
Volcanoes Erupting
Definition
- chemical change
- minerals turn to carbon and water and volcano loses weight bc some of the minerals turn to lava and ash
- rock molecules break apart and solidify as lava cools
Term
Michigan Basin
Definition
- bedrock was formed from sediments being compacted and cemented into bedrock
- sediments are from weathering and erosion of the highlands that once surrounded the basin
- the sediments moved from high latitudes to low latitudes
- bc the basin is a low point they settled there
- no chemical change present, all physical
Term
Moon Background
Definition
- moon reveolves around the earth counter clockwise every 28 days
- half of the moon is lit and we see the portion thats facing the sun and earth
-
Term
Seasons (Basics)
Definition
- earths axis is pointed towards the north star
- earth is always on a 23 degree tilt either towards or away from the sun
- the earth rotates around the sun counter clockwise every 365 days
- the earth stays the same distance away from the sun at all time
Term
Uneven Heating of the Earth
Definition
- earth is heated unevenly due to the angle, material, and color of an object
- land heats more quickly than water but cools quicker
Term
Why we have seasons
Definition
- tilt
- circle of latitude
- direction of sunrise/sunset
- hours of daylight
Term
Seasons, Effect of latitude
Definition
- hours of light
- rise and set of the sun at high and low latitudes
tilt and circle of latitude
- angle and intensity
- relative angles at high and lo lat
- tilt and overhead latitude
- light spread out verses concentrated
- more/less intense light
Term
Heat Radiated To the Earth
Definition
1. Sunlight is absorbed by the surface of the earth.
2. light energy is transformed into heat energy.
3. heat energy radiates from the surface to the air, increasing its temperature.
4. CO2 molecules in the atmosphere heat energy.
5. CO2 molecules radiate heat in all directions, w/ some radiated back towards the earth's surface.
6. The air near the surface becomes even warmer.
Term
Air heated more at lower latitudes than high latitudes
Definition
1. The sunlight is at a higher angle
2. More intense light strikes the surface
3. More light is absorbed by the surface
4. More light is transformed into heat
5. More heat is transferred (radiated) to the air
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