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Sleep Disorders
Sleep disorders class
156
Physiology
Graduate
12/19/2009

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Term
Why do we sleep?
Definition
- To avoid predators
- Conserve energy and restor
- memory consolidation
Term
What was the view of sleep in the late 1800's?
Definition
Wakefullness is the active state of all animals. Death is the suspension of the active state. Sleep is the state between wakefullness and death.
Term
What was Robert MacNish's views on sleep (1834)?
Definition
Sleep is an inactive brain state due to reduced sensory stimulation. This is similar to the reticular activation theory.
- believed sleep was the same as coma, hybrination, and drunkenness.
Term
LeJendre's 1910 theory of fatiuge
Definition
hypnotoxin theory: during the day there is a buildup untill it causes sleep. Sleep elimnates these neurotoxins.
Term
What were the findings of Nathaniel Kleitman's 1920 studie?
Definition
Found that subjects were less impaired on cognitive tasks after a night of sleep deprevation than when awoken in the midle of the night. This was evidenced against the hypnotoxin theory. This was however evidance for circadian rhythms.
Term
Nathaniel Kleitman found that the maximum cognitive impairment was reached after _____ hours of sleep depervation.
Definition
60
Term
What did Nathaniel Kleitman discover in his study of infant sleep?
Definition
Observed eye movments at sleep onset that disappeared as sleep continued.
Term
Who was Asernsky?
Definition
Nathaniel Kleitman's student.
Term
The EOG was invented by?
Definition
Asernnsky and Kleitman: electrooculogram
Term
Aserinsky and Kleitmen woke subjects up during eye movment to find that they were...
Definition
dreaming.
Term
REM sleep is associated with...
Definition
dreaming.
Term
What order doe the stages of sleep occur?
Definition
Stage 1,2,3,4,3,2,1,REM,1,2,3,4
Term
How late in the night does the first REM occur?
Definition
90 minutes
Term
Richard Caton's 1875 sleep studeis were the first too...
Definition
study sleepp continusoulsy and quantatativly though the use of EEG's without waking the sleeper.
Term
Davis and Harvey discovered this in their 1930 study.
Definition
What are brain wave patterns?
Term
Stimulation of the reticular formation causes
Definition
increased EEG activity and awakening
Term
The reticular activiating system theroy states that sensory input is what keeps us awake, there for a lack of senosry input leads to sleeping. This theory is suported by the fact that
Definition
sensory nerves dischrage inot the reticular formation.
Term
What hapens to someone who experiences dammage to there reticular formation?
Definition
They are in a coma.
Term
Gelineau discovered this abnormal sleep pathology.
Definition
narcolepsy
Term
This sleep disorder literaly translated means: overcome by numbness
Definition
narcolepsy
Term
Loss of muscle control and tone is
Definition
cataplexy
Term
Charles Dickens was the first to write about this sleep disorder which he termed "pickwhickian syndrome."
Definition
sleep apnea
Term
Freud explained dreams as
Definition
unconsious desires
Term
What is the freudian term for the underlying meaning of the dream?
Definition
Latent content
Term
What is Latent content
Definition
freudian term for the underlying meaning of the dream?
Term
What is manafest conent?
Definition
the fruedian term for the surface conent (what you see) in a dream
Term
What is the fruedian term for the surface conent (what you see) in a dream
Definition
manafest content
Term
Acording to Freud, latent was used
Definition
a defense mechanism that used symbolismm to relaese disturigin matiersl. This was matter that arose fromt he ID and was too disturbing for the EGO to handel.
Term
Freud's Steam engine analgoy of dreams
Definition
dreams were believed to serve as a purging of distress from the mind.
Term
The funding of sleep research was fuled by
Definition
the publics interest in dreams
Term
This is the study of life over time
Definition
chronobiology
Term
Chronobiology
Definition
the study of life over time
Term
Heliotropism
Definition
Phenomana that plants tend to turn towards the sun
Term
Phenomana that plants tend to turn towards the sun
Definition
heliotropism
Term
Describe the study using plants that provoided evidence of circadian rhythms.
Definition
Flowers opened during the day and closed at night. This was found to occur even if the plant was kept in darkness.
Term
Why does REM go against the retecular activation theory?
Definition
because the reticular activationt heory states that we are asleep due to a lack of arrousal. REM is a state of great brain arrousal.
Term
What stages of sleep is it hardest to be awoken?
Definition
stage 4 and REM
Term
What stage of sleep is it easiest to be awoken?
Definition
stage 1
Term
What area of the brain serves to shut of impulses to the skelital muscles?
Definition
the pons
Term
REM sleep is caracterized by brain waves that are
Definition
low amplitude and fast
Term
What is the role of the Pons in sleep?
Definition
the Pons activly shuts off activity in the periferial nervous system
Term
What consists of the perfierial nervous system?
Definition
nerves leading to the skeletal muscles
Term
EEG
Definition
Electro enseflogram: measures brain waves
Term
EKG
Definition
electro cardio gram: mesures heart
Term
EOG
Definition
electro oculogram: measures eye movment
Term
EMG
Definition
electro miliogram: measures muscle movment
Term
A lack of muscle tone is experienced during this stage of sleep
Definition
REM
Term
During REM sleep, these brain areas are more active than during wakefullness
Definition
cerebral cortex and Pons
Term
A polysomnogram consists of
Definition
EEG, EOG, EMG
Term
SOREMs are associated with Narcolepsy. What are SOREMs?
Definition
sleep onset REM. Immediatly falling inot REM sleep. FOund in narcoleptics and babies.
Term
This is the phenomona of being able to control your dreams.
Definition
lucid dreaming
Term
Activation synthesis theory belives that dreams are
Definition
the result of the brain making sense of the random noise of brian activity
Term
Sleep Rebound:
Definition
this is the increase in duration and intensity of sleep after deprivation
Term
What is the optimal duration for a restfull nap?
Definition
15 minutes
Term
This brain structure is highly active during sleep and may effect your mood when you are awoken
Definition
Amigdula
Term
Do larger or smaller animals sleep more?
Definition
Smaller animals sleep more. Larger animals tend to sleep less.
Term
behavioral definition of sleep
Definition
a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement in which you are unresponsive to the environment
Term
T or F Lack of sleep can lead to immune and endocrine malfunction.
Definition
True
Term
True or False Lack of sleep can exacerbate conditions such as obeasity, depression, and hypertension.
Definition
True
Term
Sleep can help wtih these 3 psychological functions:
Definition
cognition, mood, memory
Term
Sleep deprevation is comparable to this when driving
Definition
being drunk
Term
How many millions americnas have sleep problems
Definition
40 million
Term
What percentage of people bring up there sleep problems to there doctors?
Definition
20%
Term
Regular sleep is characterized by ___ to ___ hours with ___ to ____ wakes through the night.
Definition
6-8, 1-3
Term
Diurnal sleep pattern:
Definition
sleep at night wake during the day
Term
noctornal
Definition
wake at night sleep during day
Term
What is Adenozine?
Definition
neurotransmitter that continually increses during wakefullness. Increased levles lead to increased sleepieness. Levles decrease only during sleep. This is support of the neurotoxin theory.
Term
What is the role of cafeen in sleep?
Definition
Cafeine works by blocking Adenozine receptors making it difficult to feel sleepy.
Term
This chemical is produced in the kidney (adrenal cortex)and helps to wake you up by increasing during the end of the sleep cycle.
Definition
Cortosol
Term
High levles of cortosol anc lead to:
Definition
decreased bone mass, depresion, anger, and degeneration of the brain
Term
Orexin
Definition
an excitatory sleep hormone
Term
Ghrelin
Definition
hormone that increases hunger. Secreated by the stomach, pancreas and hypothalamus
Term
Leptin
Definition
lowlevels increase hunger (carb cravings)
Term
What percentage of americnas are overweight and obese?
Definition
65%
Term
Stage 4 sleep is characterized by this type of brain waves
Definition
Slow wave sleep
Term
This hormone is produced during Slow Wave Sleep (stage 4)
Definition
Human Growth Hormone
Term
The side effects of 19 hrs of sleep deprivation are worse than being drunk. Some of the side effects are:
Definition
less judgment, slwoer reaction time, worse recall, worse reading ability
Term
What is the relation between sleep and mood?
Definition
deficits in sleep cna leed to anger, sadness, and anxiety
Term
The effects of decreased HGH with age lead to:
Definition
less muscle produciton, more fat produciton. HGH is rleased during sleep.
Term
What 2 female hormones are important in regulating sleep?
Definition
Lutenizing Hormone (LH) and FSH
Term
What is the imune systems responce to sleep deprevation?
Definition
The initial responce is to boost the system against attacks but prolonged deprevation will lead to imune system supression.
Term
Thispart of the brain regulates wakefullness, body temperature, hormone levles, and cogintive performance
Definition
the superchiasmatic nucleaus of the hypothalamus
Term
Cridian is litterally translated to:
Definition
about a day
Term
This part of the brain is referred to as the brains biological clock.
Definition
superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Term
What is the main sleep related function of the superchiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus)?
Definition
It sends a signal directly to they pineal gland to release melatonin. This occurs at night and is shut off by sunling.
Term
Levles of melatonin are highst at what time?
Definition
4 a.m.
Term
What hapens to body temperature at night?
Definition
It decreases
Term
This is the term for the point at night where you have the lowest body temperature
Definition
nader
Term
Exogonis Melatonin can be taken as a suplment 2-3 hrs before bed. This can help by
Definition
increasing the lenght of sleep, and decreasing sleep latency
Term
What direction of traviel is the worst for jet lag?
Definition
west to east
Term
What 2 things can be done to best counter jet lag?
Definition
sleep on your way during the trip, adapt to the new time zone
Term
Acidents, digestive problems, and physical andmental heatlh problems are all consequences of
Definition
night shift work
Term
What is the ideal temperature for sleep
Definition
64-68 degrees
Term
atonia
Definition
lack of muscle tone experienced druing REM
Term
What is the role of the Pons during REM sleep
Definition
shuts off messages to the periferial nervous system
Term
What stages of sleep are associated with Alpha waves
Definition
wakefullness
Term
What stages of sleep are associated with Theta waves
Definition
stage 1 and REM
Term
What stages of sleep are associated with Delta waves
Definition
stage 4 sleep
Term
K complexes and sleep spindles are expereinced during this stage of sleep
Definition
stage 2
Term
Sleep walking and sleep terrors occur in this stage of sleep
Definition
stage 4
Term
This stage of sleep is the deepest, where growth occurs, and where energy is restored and is the deepest
Definition
stage 4
Term
REM sleep comprizes fo what percnet of the nights sleep?
Definition
25%
Term
REM sleep consists of these brain waves
Definition
Alpha and bEta
Term
CPAP
Definition
continuas air pressure
Term
BiPap
Definition
uses 2 different pressures (inspiration and respiration)usedfor central sleep apnea and repiratory insuffiiency
Term
Sleep apnea is defined by this number of episodes in an hour
Definition
5-15
Term
Nocturia is
Definition
frequent nite time urinaiton
Term
What percentage of mates sleep in seperate bedrooms
Definition
46%
Term
How many events consitute mild mod and severe on the Apnia Hypopnia Index (AHI)?
Definition
mild 5-15 events
mod 15-30
severe 30+
Term
Upper airways resistant syndrome
Definition
frequent arousals with only mild breathign difficulties. No apnea or hypopneas, just awakenenings
Term
OSAHS
Definition
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnia Syndrome
Term
What is the best predictor of sleep apnea
Definition
neck circumfrnace (over 15 inches)
Term
What is the primary cuase of apnea?
Definition
upper airway collapse
Term
Fisical facial features usch as a smaller mandible that is moved back, narrow pallet, and small chin are risk factors for
Definition
apnea
Term
What gender is 2-1 for apnea
Definition
male
Term
Apena is found in this percentage of the population
Definition
2-5%
Term
Why are asians more apt to to have apnea
Definition
not obeasity but narrow jaw and cranial facial features
Term
How few hours can a CPAP be used in order to still be effective
Definition
2-3 hours
Term
Soar throat, dryness, clostrophobia, and discomfort for partenrs are posible negative aspects of using...
Definition
CPAP
Term
What percentage of patietns stop using the CPAP after the first year?
Definition
80%
Term
What treatments exisst for apnea besides the cpap?
Definition
oral surgery, weight reduciton
Term
What is the best position to sleep to prevent apnea?
Definition
fetal position on your side
Term
what is the worst postion to sleep for apnea?
Definition
supine (on your back)
Term
Supine means?
Definition
on your back
Term
What is central sleep apnea?
Definition
stop breathing due to lack of CNS stimulation to breath
Term
How long does REM onset take for narcoleptics?
Definition
within 3 minutes
Term
Hypnogogic / hypnopompic halucinations
Definition
falling asleep, when waking
Term
To be diagnosed with Narcolepsy you need to have a polysomnogrma as well as symptoms for _____ months
Definition
3
Term
2 medications used to treat narcolepsy
Definition
provigel: stimujlatn treats sleepyness and increases alpha waves

xyrem: treats cataplexy and excesive sleepyenss
Term
True or False: 3 naps a day can be helpful for narcoleptics
Definition
true
Term
Emotion is a common trigger of this parasomnia
Definition
narcolepsy
Term
The medula controls these basic body functions
Definition
respiration, and heart rate
Term
This brain structure is the "primative" attetion center (orientatin).
Definition
locus corelius
Term
Narcolepsy occurs during this age range
Definition
20-30s
Term
Narcoleptic attacks last for
Definition
10-20 min
Term
The prevelance of narcolepsy is most prevelant in :
us
jap
isreal
Definition
Jappan 1/600
US 1/2000
Isreal 1/500,000
Term
Ture or false: after a bout of narcolepsy individuals feel fatigue
Definition
false: they feel well rested due to the experience of restfull REM sleep
Term
What is the cause of narcolepsy?
Definition
reduction of Hypocretin cells in the hypothalums.
Term
Sleep paralyiss
Definition
in ability to move trunk or limbs lasting for 1-2 minutes when you fall asleep or awaken
Term
Hypnogogig/popmic halucinations
Definition
halucinations at sleep onset/wakeinging
Term
What is the sleep positon most asociated with sleep paralysis?
Definition
supine (on back)
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
sudden loss of muscle tone
Term
What are teh 4 parasomnias:
Definition
nitmare disorder
sleep terror disorder
sleep waling disorder
parasomnia nos
Term
REM behavior disorder:
Definition
when you act on your dreams: walk, kick, scream
Term
REM behavior disorder has a typical onset at
Definition
55+
Term
True or false: Homicides and rapes have been commeted during REM behavior disorder?
Definition
False. Directive behaviors have not been reproted.
Term
What are the 3 medical treatments of RBD?
Definition
klonopin: increases GABA (inhibitory NT )
L-dopa: used for parkinsons
melatoning
Term
What is the main behavioral treatment for RBD?
Definition
tethering to the bed
Term
What is the main behavioral treatment for RBD?
Definition
tethering to the bed
Term
Do sleep walkers (somnambulisms) usualy remember there dreams?
Definition
no they are in stage 4 sleep
Term
T or F: you should not wake a sleep walker.
Definition
False. You should wake them and bring them back to bed. Sleep walking can be dangerous.
Term
What is the prevelacne of sleep walking in preschoolers?
Definition
1/10
Term
Have sexual and violent beahviros occurd during sleep walking?
Definition
sexual have but violence is rare
Term
Sleep terrors occur
Definition
at the beginign of the night
Term
T or F sleep terrors are bad dreams?
Definition
False. Sleep terros are not dreams b/c youare not dreaming.
Term
Should you wake someone from there sleep terror?
Definition
Probably not. waking can prolong the experience
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