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Skeletal Tissues
Chapter 6
17
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/07/2011

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Term

(Formation of the skeleton)

Embryonic Skeleton made of:

Definition

1. Fibrous membranes (cranial bones & clavicles)

2. Hyaline Cartilage (all other bones)

Term

(Formation of the skeleton)

Intra-membranous Ossification

Definition

1. Bone develops from a fibrous membrane beg. wk 8

2. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

[mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts = ossification center]

3. Bone Matrix (osteoid)

4. Woven bone and Periosteum form

[A. Osteoid is laid between embryonic bld vessels = network of trabeculae called woven bone.  B. Vascularized mesnechyme condenses on woven bone and becomes Periosteum]

5. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone and Red marrow appears. The resulting bones are membrane bones

Term

(Formation of the skeleton)

Endochondral Ossification

Definition

1. Bones dev. replacing Hyaline cartilage

2. begins week 9

3. Has 5 phases: 

[1. Ossification centers form 2. Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities 3. spongy bone begins to form 4. formation of secondary osteogenic centers 5. Epiphyses ossify. when complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.]

 4. Resulting bones are cartilage or endochondral bones

Term

(Formation of the skeleton)

Postnatal bone growth

Definition

*Involves Interstitial & Appositional Growth

I: lengthens bones; occurs at epiphyseal plates; process stops at adolescence when E-plates ossify to form E-lines.

*(nasal bones & mandible continues to grow)

A: increases diameter; Osteoblasts add bone to periosteal surface of diaphysis; Osteoclasts remove bone on surface of diaphysis


 

Term

(Formation of the skeleton)

Hormonal Regulation

of bone growth

Definition

1. Growth Hormone (GH): most important during infancy & childhood

2. Thyroid hormone: ensures bone growth is proportional

3. sex hormone: (estrogen & testosterone) stimulates bone [growth spurt]; during late adolescences, estrogen induces ossification in E-plates 

 

Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
removes bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
add bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces
Term

Bone Remodeling

(bone homeostasis)

Definition
occurs continually (5-7%) of bone mass is recycled each week
Term
needed for optimal bone growth...
Definition
  • protein
  • Citamins C, D, A
  • calcium
  • phosphorous
Term
Bone remodeling regulated by...
Definition
Horomones [PTH and calcitonin] and mechanical stress and gravity [Wolff's law]
Term
Reduction
Definition

realignment of broken bone ends;

a method for treating fractures 

 

 

*another way fractures are treated are by immobilization (cast or traction) 

Term
4 Stages of repair
Definition

1. hematoma formation (large bld clot forms)

2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms (bld clot removed by immune sys; internal/external callus forms)

3. Spongy bone forms

4. bone remodeling occurs

Term
Osteomalacia
Definition
  • condition in adults with inadequate mineralization that causes pain
  • Called "rickets" for children; often bones of legs, ribs, pelvis, and skulls are deformed
  • caused my Ca2+ Or Vitamin D deficiency
Term
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Definition
  • genetic disorder
  • bones break easily
  • caused by production of inadequate or poor quality collagen
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
  • Bone resorption outpaces deposition
  • bones become porous & light
  • fractures common in vertebrae and neck of femur
  • occurs most often in postmenopausal women
  • other risk factors: small body frame; lack of exercise; poor diet; smoking; diabetes
Term
Treatment for Osteoporosis
Definition
  • calcium & Vitamin D supplements
  • weight-bearing exercise
  • HRT in post-menopausal women
  • drugs: Alendronate, Raloxifene, Statins, Fluoride, Carbonation
Term
Paget's Disease
Definition
  • excessive/haphazard bone deposition and resorption
  • bone is poorly mineralized
  • abnormal ratio of spongy and compact bone
  • bones become deformed and painful
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