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shrooms final weeks 1-6
magical mushrooms, mischevous molds weeks 1-6
60
Pathology
Undergraduate 3
05/11/2015

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Term
the professor found a fungus near ithaca that was the missing part of the life cycle of the billion dollar mold that makes ____________
Definition
cyclosporine
Term
in 1942, _____ _______ became the first patient to be saved by ____________.
Definition
Anne Miller, penicillin
Term
Millions of acres (~9 mill) have been killed by the ___________ and its fungus over the last 20 years, and its numbers continue to grow
Definition
Mountain pine beetle
Term
the mountain pine beetle and its fungus:
Definition
1. its partnership is a huge issue
2. the fungus causes a blue staining, which is not desirable for lumber companies
Term
_________ of rye and wheat is a plant disease.
_______ is derived from this fungus.
Definition
Ergot, LSD
Term
there are two parts that make up a fungus:
Definition
hypha and spores
Term
hypha is
Definition
1. the structure for eating, growing, and making structures
2. the basic unit of fungus--everything is made of hyphae.
3. they grow outward at their tips
4. have a crunchy cell wall
Term
hypha have a crunchy cell wall made of _______, and inside of the _______ is the cell itself.
Definition
Chitin
Term
Chitin is
Definition
1. put together like a string of pearls, except each pearl is a molecule.
2. provides structural support, like cellulose. it is strong + hard to digesr
Term
key difference between fungi and plants is that
Definition
fungi make cell walls of chitin while plants make cell walls of cellulose (animals dont have cell walls).
also, ppl can't digest cellulose or chitin--these molecules referred to as "fiber in diet
Term
fungal colonies are ______, they _____
Definition
circular, they expand radially
Term
the outer edge of the colony is
Definition
the youngest and most active.
ex: circular rash from ringworm, or fairy rings made by mushrooms
Term
spores are
Definition
the structures for reproducing and getting around
Term
a spore germinates and then grows and branches. it first makes a tube, or hypha, then eventually a network of hyphae, called a __________.
Definition
mycelium
Term
fungus __________ are especially effective in attacking ______, ________, and ____.
Definition
enzymes, cellulose, lignin, pectin.
these are all compounds that plants are made of, and fungi specialize in eating plants
Term
fungi's principal role is ________
Definition
active as a recycler
Term
the major role of fungi on earth is
Definition
digesting dead materials. otherwise, we'd be buried in all of the waste that is produced (like dead trees)
Term
after plant roots, fungi are
Definition
the most abundant things in soil (although they are usually too small to see)
Term
fungi can eat
Definition
wood; they can literally invade buildings and "eat your house"
Term
fungi can cause
Definition
allergies
Term
some fungi create ______ _______, which are beautiful patterns formed in the wood. they are the lines between different fungi.
Definition
spalted wood
Term
___________ is a type of fungi that glows in the dark
Definition
foxfire
Term
______ ________ is a fungus that glows via __________
Definition
panellus stipticus, bioluminescence
Term
fungi can create
Definition
an odor, molds in a basement, truffles, etc
Term
_______ is a company that trains dogs to detect fungi
Definition
EcoDogs
Term
Fungi can sense
Definition
openings via touch; they use this to enter plants via openings on the bottom of the leaf called stomata
Term
Fungi can defend themselves,
Definition
typically against other fungi
Term
Fungi can also sense and respond to
Definition
light by bending towards it
Term
Fungi can also sense and respond to
Definition
gravity. for ex, a cap will always try to have its gills facing downward
Term
_________ (root-like) is a traveling structure for some fungi
Definition
Rhizomorph
Term
Honey mushrooms use __________, which tend to be huge
Definition
Rhizomorphs
Term
the OG humungous fungus lives in ____ and the mycelium weighs ____.
Definition
Crystal Falls, Michigan (they still have an annual fungus festival)
weighs over 100 tons and is about 1500 yrs old
when a group of researchers went out to research fungi and tested the genes of the fungi that they had found, they realized that they were all the same organism
Term
the next humongous fungus
Definition
is bigger than the OG
is 2,384 acres (4 sq mi) and at least 2400 yrs old
lives in oregon's blue mountains and eats trees for a living
is a form of honey mushroom and has more mass than a blue whale.
Term
the other thing that fungi do is make spores, which are used for ______ & __________.
Definition
reproduction, dispersal
Term
spores are often just
Definition
a single cell
Term
the largest spores are just
Definition
big enough to see with the naked eye (100 micrometers, but most are 10-100x smaller than that)
Term
when studying fungi in a petri dish, note that
Definition
each colony on a petri dish grew from a single spore
Term
fungi can make spores by just
Definition
pinching off parts of their hyphae
Term
when fungi undergo sexual reproduction they might
Definition
make a different kind of spore
Term
often the way a fungi is identified is by
Definition
how they form their spore
Term
what triggers a fungus to make spores?
Definition
1. change in day length (we typically see many fungi releasing spores in the fall)
2. change in moisture (if an area is dry and becomes wet, more spores will be created bcs the conditions are better for growth)
3. food shortage
Term
what can you do with hyphae?
Definition
1. fungi "genders" and sexual repro happens when the hyphae from two diff organisms join together
2. ecovative is a co that makes products out of hyphae
ex: they use hyphae as a biodegradable replacement for styrofoam
Term
remember, all fungi are composed of ____ and _____
Definition
hyphae, spores
Term
characteristics of fungi:
they have cells with a ______
Definition
nucleus
Term
characteristics of fungi:
they have a unique cell wall chemistry (_____), which presents a key difference of fungi from plants. (plants have ________ while fungi have _______)
Definition
chitin, cellulose, chitin
Term
characteristics of fungi:
they dont have ________
this is another way they differ from plants
Definition
chlorophyll
Term
characteristics of fungi:
they have _______ and are reproduced via ______
Definition
a simple morphology, spores
Term
the three domains of organisms are:
Definition
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
Term
fungi, plants, and animals are all _______
Definition
eukaryotes
Term
fungi and animals are
Definition
very closely related (closest kingdom)
an implication of this is that it makes developing drugs against fungi difficult, since the drug that would kill fungi is likely to negatively affect animals as well. ex: an infection caused by fungi is athletes foot
Term
fungi have been around for ~
we know this from a new ancient fossils of fungi
Definition
~450 million years
Term
__________are the fossils that provide the strongest evidence and these were abundant about 370-420 mill yrs ago. this was before land plants and dinos. this is known as the "_____"
Definition
prototaxites, age of the fungi
Term
there is an argument that prototaxites might not be fungi. however,
Definition
there are modern, smaller fungi that resemble prototaxites
Term
in this course, the kingdom fungi is studied. there major phyla (groups) of fungi are:
Definition
chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota.
Term
why does classification change?
Definition
1. it's estimated that only 10% of the fungi on the planet have been named
2. fungi are simple and there hasnt been much to go on. right now, DNA is being used to decipher relationships among similar-looking fungi.
3. as new fungi are discovered, new names are needed.
Term
a recently added new phylum is the _______
Definition
microsporidia
Term
microsporidia are
Definition
small, simple parasites. they were recently discovered to be fungi using DNA analusis. they mostly cause diseases in insects but sometimes also give humans diarrhea.
Term
problems with fungal naming:
Definition
common names are typically used, but are not specific enough
ex: morels (other names include dryland fish, merkels, sponge mushrooms). the latin name is morchella escuelenta
Term
the fungal life cycle:
many fungi make diff structures and spores in sexual vs asexual parts of their life cycle. this confused early fungus namers--were these diff-looking things the same organism? ex:
Definition
moldy peach infected with brown rot
a. the brown rot on the peach makes asexual spores. these spores seek out peaches and can grow on a new peach, and then the cycle begins again.
b. brown rot can also reproduce sexually with cup fungi, which creates ascospores that are then released. the ascospores undergo flowering and grow into a genetically different fungus.
c. the different phases of the fungal life cycle look different, like a caterpiller and a butterflu, so it makes it difficult to name them
Term
brown rot can reproduce secually with _____ ______, which creates ___________ that are then released. these undergo flowering and grow into a genetically different fungus
Definition
cup fungi, ascospores
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